Polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes for redox flow batteries
Disclosed are redox flow battery membranes, redox flow batteries incorporating the membranes, and methods of forming the membranes. The membranes include a polybenzimidazole gel membrane that is capable of incorporating a high liquid content without loss of structure that is formed according to a process that includes in situ hydrolysis of a polyphosphoric acid solvent. The membranes are imbibed with a redox flow battery supporting electrolyte such as sulfuric acid and can operate at very high ionic conductivities of about 100 mS/cm or greater. Redox flow batteries incorporating the PBI-based membranes can operate at high current densities of about 100 mA/cm 2 or greater.
1. A redox flow battery membrane comprising:
a polybenzimidazole gel membrane, the polybenzimidazole gel membrane being a self-supporting membrane capable of incorporating a liquid content of about 60 wt. % or more without loss of structure, wherein the polybenzimidazole gel membrane is free of phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acid; and
a redox flow battery supporting electrolyte imbibed within the polybenzimidazole gel membrane; wherein
the redox flow battery membrane exhibits an in-plane ionic conductivity in a 2.6 M sulfuric acid solution of about 100 mS/cm or greater.
2. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polybenzimidazole gel membrane exhibits an in-plane ionic conductivity in a 2.6 M sulfuric acid solution of about 200 mS/cm or greater.
3. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polybenzimidazole of the gel membrane comprises one or more of the following repeating units:
or any combination thereof, in which n and m are each independently 1 or greater, about 10 or greater, or about 100 or greater.
4. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises a mineral acid, an organic acid, or a combination of one or more mineral acids and/or one or more organic acid.
5. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, fluorosulfonic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, or any mixture thereof.
6. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, or any combination thereof.
7. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polybenzimidazole gel membrane is crosslinked.
8. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polybenzimidazole gel membrane is free of organic solvents.
9. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises a tetraalkylammonium cation.
10. The redox flow battery membrane of claim 1 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises sulfuric acid.
11. A redox flow battery comprising a polybenzimidazole gel membrane and a redox flow battery supporting electrolyte imbibed within the polybenzimidazole gel membrane, the polybenzimidazole gel membrane being a self-supporting membrane capable of incorporating a liquid content of about 60 wt. % or more without loss of structure, wherein the polybenzimidazole gel membrane is free of phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acid, wherein the redox flow battery is capable of operation at a current density of about 100 mA/cm 2 or greater.
12. The redox flow battery of claim 11 , wherein the redox flow battery is a vanadium redox flow battery.
13. The redox flow battery of claim 11 , wherein the redox flow battery has a coulombic efficiency of about 90% or greater and/or an energy efficiency of about 75% or greater and/or a voltage efficiency of about 80% or greater at a current density of 242 mA/cm 2 .
14. The redox flow battery of claim 11 , wherein the redox flow battery has a coulombic efficiency of about 90% or greater and/or an energy efficiency of about 65% or greater and/or a voltage efficiency of about 65% or greater at a current density of 483 mA/cm 2 .
15. The redox flow battery of claim 11 , wherein the polybenzimidazole gel membrane is free of organic solvents.
16. The redox flow battery of claim 11 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises a mineral acid, a strong organic acid, or a combination of one or more mineral acids and/or one or more organic acid.
17. The redox flow battery of claim 11 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, or any combination thereof.
18. The redox flow battery of claim 11 , wherein the supporting electrolyte comprises sulfuric acid.