Cooling of a fuel cell assembly
A method for operating a propulsion system for an aircraft, the propulsion system including a gas turbine engine and a fuel cell assembly, the fuel cell assembly including a fuel cell stack having a solid oxide fuel cell defining an outlet positioned to remove output products from the solid oxide fuel cell during operation, the method including: operating the fuel cell assembly to provide output products to a combustor of a combustion section of the gas turbine engine; and operating the fuel cell assembly, the gas turbine engine, or both such that a pressure within an anode of the solid oxide fuel cell is less than a pressure within a cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell, is less than a pressure within a combustion chamber of the gas turbine engine, or both while operating the gas turbine engine.
1. A method for operating a propulsion system for an aircraft, the propulsion system comprising a gas turbine engine and a fuel cell assembly, the fuel cell assembly comprising a fuel cell stack having a solid oxide fuel cell defining an outlet positioned to remove output products from the solid oxide fuel cell during operation, the method comprising:
operating the fuel cell assembly to provide output products to a combustor of a combustion section of the gas turbine engine; and
operating the fuel cell assembly, the gas turbine engine, or both such that a pressure within an anode of the solid oxide fuel cell is less than a pressure within a cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell, is less than a pressure within a combustion chamber of the gas turbine engine, or both while operating the gas turbine engine.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the fuel cell assembly, the gas turbine engine, or both comprises:
executing a shutdown sequence for the gas turbine engine, wherein executing the shutdown sequence comprises decelerating the gas turbine engine to an off condition; and
executing a cooling sequence for the fuel cell assembly while executing the shutdown sequence for the gas turbine engine, wherein executing the cooling sequence for the fuel cell assembly comprises operating the fuel cell assembly to define a pressure in the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell less than a pressure within the combustion chamber of the combustor of the gas turbine engine.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein executing the shutdown sequence comprises decelerating the gas turbine engine from a ground-idle operating condition to the off condition.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein executing the cooling sequence for the fuel cell assembly while executing the shutdown sequence for the gas turbine engine comprises providing airflow from the combustion chamber into the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein providing airflow from the combustion chamber into the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell comprises providing airflow from the combustion chamber into the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell while a temperature of the solid oxide fuel cell is between about 230 degrees Celsius and 700 degrees Celsius.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the airflow provided from the combustion chamber into the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell is an oxygen-containing airflow.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein executing a cooling sequence for the fuel cell assembly comprises reducing a pressure of a fuel flow to the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell, of an airflow to a cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell, or both.
8. The method of claim 2 , wherein executing a cooling sequence for the fuel cell assembly comprises shutting off a fuel flow to the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell, an airflow to a cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell, or both.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein executing the cooling sequence comprises maintaining the fuel cell assembly in a warm standby state.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein maintaining the fuel cell assembly in the warm standby state comprises drawing less than about 10% of a maximum power output of the fuel cell assembly from the fuel cell assembly.
11. The method of claim 2 , wherein executing the cooling sequence comprises operating the fuel cell assembly in a ground idle power output mode.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein operating the fuel cell assembly in the ground idle power output mode comprises recirculating output products from the solid oxide fuel cell to a location upstream of the fuel cell.
13. The method of claim 2 , wherein executing the cooling sequence comprises maintaining the fuel cell assembly in a warm standby state, operating in a ground idle power output mode, or both while the gas turbine engine is in the off condition.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises less than 25% by volume of nickel.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode is substantially free of nickel.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the fuel cell assembly, the gas turbine engine, or both comprises operating the fuel cell assembly such that the pressure within the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell is less than the pressure within the cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell while operating the gas turbine engine.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein operating the fuel cell assembly such that the pressure within the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell is less than the pressure within the cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell while operating the gas turbine engine comprises flowing an oxidant into the anode while a temperature of the solid oxide fuel cell is between about 230 degrees Celsius and 700 degrees Celsius.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein operating the fuel cell assembly such that the pressure within the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell is less than the pressure within the cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell while operating the gas turbine engine comprises reducing a fuel flow to the anode of the solid oxide fuel cell.
19. A propulsion system for an aircraft having a gas turbine engine, the aircraft comprising an aircraft fuel supply, the propulsion system comprising:
a fuel cell assembly comprising a fuel cell stack having a solid oxide fuel cell, the solid oxide fuel cell defining an outlet positioned to remove output products from the solid oxide fuel cell;
a turbomachine comprising a compressor section, a combustion section, and a turbine section arranged in serial flow order, the combustion section configured to receive a flow of aviation fuel from the aircraft fuel supply and further configured to receive the output products from the solid oxide fuel cell; and
a controller comprising memory and one or more processors, the memory storing instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the propulsion system to perform operations including:
operating the fuel cell assembly, the gas turbine engine, or both such that a pressure within an anode of the solid oxide fuel cell is less than a pressure within a cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell, is less than a pressure within a combustion chamber of the gas turbine engine, or both while operating the gas turbine engine.
20. The propulsion system of claim 19 , wherein operating the fuel cell assembly, the gas turbine engine, or both comprises:
executing a shutdown sequence for the gas turbine engine, wherein executing the shutdown sequence comprises decelerating the gas turbine engine to an off condition; and
executing a cooling sequence for the fuel cell assembly while executing the shutdown sequence for the gas turbine engine, wherein executing the cooling sequence for the fuel cell assembly comprises operating the fuel cell assembly to define a pressure in an anode of the solid oxide fuel cell less than a pressure within a combustion chamber of the combustion section of the turbomachine.