Anode-free solid-state battery and method of battery fabrication
An anode-free solid-state battery includes a cathode layer having transient anode elements and a bare current collector devoid of non-transitory anode material and configured to accept thereon the transient anode elements. The battery also includes a solid-state electrolyte layer defining voids and arranged between the current collector and the cathode layer. The battery additionally includes a gel situated within the solid-state electrolyte and cathode layers, to permeate the electrolyte voids and form a gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, coat the cathode layer, and facilitate ionic conduction of the anode elements between the cathode layer, the solid-state electrolyte layer, and the current collector. Charging the battery diffuses the anode elements from the cathode layer, via the gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, onto the current collector. Discharging the battery returns the anode elements, via the gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, to the cathode layer. A particular method is used to fabricate the anode-free solid-state battery.
1. An anode-free solid-state battery comprising:
a cathode layer having a host cathode material including transient anode elements;
a bare current collector characterized by an absence of non-transitory anode material and configured to accept thereon the transient anode elements during battery charging;
a solid-state electrolyte layer defining voids and arranged between the bare current collector and the cathode layer; and
a gel situated within each of the solid-state electrolyte and the cathode layer, thereby configured to permeate the voids in the solid-state electrolyte layer to form a gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, coat the host cathode material, and facilitate ionic conduction of the anode elements between the cathode layer, the solid-state electrolyte layer, and the bare current collector;
wherein:
charging of the battery extracts the anode elements from the cathode layer, diffuses the anode elements via the gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, and reversibly deposits the anode elements onto the bare current collector to form a transient anode material; and
discharging of the battery returns the anode elements, via the gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, from the current collector to the cathode layer.
2. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode-free solid-state battery includes multiple bipolarly stacked battery cells.
3. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 2 , wherein the bare current collector is an outer current collector arranged on an outer battery cell and is configured as a single layer copper foil.
4. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 2 , wherein the bare current collector is part of an intermediate current collector arranged between individual battery cells configured as a clad foil having a copper layer and an aluminum layer, such that the aluminum layer is positioned between the copper layer and the cathode layer.
5. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 1 , further comprising a polymer blocker element configured to encapsulate and seal the gel and the solid-state electrolyte within the battery.
6. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 5 , wherein material of the polymer blocker element includes at least one of a hot-melt adhesive, polyethylene or polypropylene resin, a silicone, and an acrylic resin or rubber, isocyanate adhesive, acrylic or cyanoacrylate adhesive.
7. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode-free solid-state battery is a lithium-ion battery, wherein the host cathode material includes at least one of olivine, polyanion cathode, lithium transition-metal oxide, a cathode material surface-coated and/or doped with a lithium transition-metal oxide, and a low-voltage lithiated metal oxide/sulfide or lithium sulfide.
8. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 7 , wherein the material of the cathode layer additionally includes a conductive additive having at least one of carbon black, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, acetylene black, and carbon nanofibers/nanotubes.
9. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the host cathode material and the solid-state electrolyte layer additionally includes a binder material having at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene rubber (SBR), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer (SEBS).
10. The anode-free solid-state battery of claim 1 , wherein the gel includes a polymer constituent material and a liquid electrolyte.
11. A method of fabricating an anode-free solid-state battery, the method comprising:
arranging adjacent one another:
a solid-state electrolyte layer defining voids combined with a gel precursor including a solvent, such that the gel precursor permeates the voids; and
a cathode layer having a host cathode material including transient anode elements;
forming a gel within the solid-state electrolyte layer and the cathode layer, to thereby form a gelled solid-state electrolyte layer and coat the host cathode material; and
arranging against the gelled solid-state electrolyte layer a bare current collector characterized by an absence of non-transitory anode material and configured to accept thereon the transient anode elements during battery charging, wherein, thereby, the formed gel facilitates ionic conduction of the anode elements between the cathode layer, the solid-state electrolyte layer, and the bare current collector;
such that:
charging of the battery extracts the anode elements from the cathode layer, diffuses the anode elements via the gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, and reversibly deposits the anode elements onto the bare current collector to form a transient anode material; and
discharging of the battery returns the anode elements, via the gelled solid-state electrolyte layer, from the current collector to the cathode layer.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein stacking relative to one another the bare current collector, the cathode layer, and the solid-state electrolyte includes constructing multiple bipolarly stacked battery cells.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising arranging the bare current collector on an outer battery cell, and wherein the bare current collector is an outer current collector configured as a single layer copper foil.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising arranging the bare current collector between individual battery cells, wherein the bare current collector is part of an intermediate current collector configured as a clad foil having a copper layer and an aluminum layer, further comprising arranging the intermediate current collector such that the aluminum layer is positioned between the copper layer and the cathode layer.
15. The method of claim 11 , further comprising arranging a polymer blocker element to encapsulate and seal the gel and the solid-state electrolyte within the battery.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein material of the polymer blocker element includes at least one of a hot-melt adhesive, polyethylene or polypropylene resin, a silicone, and an acrylic resin or rubber, isocyanate adhesive, acrylic or cyanoacrylate adhesive.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the anode-free solid-state battery is a lithium-ion battery, wherein the host cathode material includes at least one of olivine, polyanion cathode, lithium transition-metal oxide, a cathode material surface-coated and/or doped with a lithium transition-metal oxide, and a low-voltage lithiated metal oxide/sulfide or lithium sulfide.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the material of the cathode layer additionally includes a conductive additive having at least one of carbon black, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, acetylene black, and carbon nanofibers/nanotubes.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein at least one of the host cathode material and the solid-state electrolyte layer additionally includes a binder material having at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene rubber (SBR), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer (SEBS).
20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the formed gel includes a polymer constituent material and a liquid electrolyte, the method additionally includes loading a gel precursor having the polymer constituent material, the liquid electrolyte, and a solvent onto the solid-state electrolyte prior to arranging the solid-state electrolyte and cathode layers adjacent one another, and wherein forming the gel includes evaporating the solvent from the gel precursor after the solid-state electrolyte and cathode layers have been arranged adjacent one another.