Sweat as a biofluid for analysis and disease identification
Provided herein are methods of detecting and measuring disease-associated analytes such as proteins and antibodies in a sweat sample. Also provided are methods of determining and monitoring the disease state or physiological condition of a subject using small sweat samples.
1. A method for determining a concentration of a target analyte in sweat, comprising the steps of:
providing between about 1 μL and about 50 μL of a body fluid sample comprising sweat, wherein the sample is collected using a wearable sample collection device worn by a subject while the subject is performing aerobic exercise;
contacting at least a portion of the collected sample to an analyte measurement device comprising an assay unit, wherein the assay unit is configured to detect a plurality of analytes selected from the group consisting of disease-associated IgG antibodies and disease-associated IgA antibodies, and wherein the assay unit comprises reactants for detection of the plurality of analytes;
allowing the collected body fluid sample to react with the reactants, whereby a detectable reaction product is produced if the target analyte is present in the sample; and
detecting and measuring the reaction product, wherein the presence of detectable reaction product indicates the presence of the target analyte in the sample; and wherein the amount of detectable reaction product is related to the concentration of the target analyte in the sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target analyte is an antibody against an antigen selected from the group consisting of Epstein Barr Virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), H1N1 influenza HA, H1N1 influenza NP, H3N2 influenza HA, and H3N2 influenza NP.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactants comprise a capture probe that binds to the target analyte, and wherein the presence of a detectable reaction product indicates the binding of the capture probe to the target analyte.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the capture probe comprises a detectable moiety.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the assay unit is configured to run an enzymatic assay yielding a colored product, is configured to run an immunoassay, or both.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactants are selected from the group of enzymes, substrates, colorimetric indicators, antibodies, and combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body fluid sample consists essentially of sweat.
8. A method of monitoring changes in an subject's health state over time, the method comprising
(a) detecting the presence of one or more target analytes in a first sweat sample from the subject, wherein detecting comprises:
(i) collecting between about 5 μL to about 20 μL of a body fluid sample comprising sweat, wherein the sample is collected using a wearable sample collection device worn by the subject while the subject is performing aerobic exercise;
(ii) contacting at least a portion of the collected sample to an analyte measurement device comprising an assay unit, wherein the assay unit is configured to detect a plurality of analytes selected from the group consisting of disease-associated IgG antibodies and disease-associated IgA antibodies, and wherein the assay unit comprises reactants for detection of the plurality of analytes;
(iii) allowing the collected body fluid sample to react with the reactants, whereby a detectable reaction product is produced if a target analyte is present in the sample; and
(iv) detecting the reaction product, wherein the presence of detectable reaction product indicates the presence of the target analyte in the sample;
(b) measuring a concentration of the detected target analyte of the first sweat sample to establish a baseline level of said target analyte, wherein the amount of detectable reaction product is related to the concentration of the target analyte in the sample;
(c) repeating steps (a) and (b) to detect and measure the concentration of target analyte in a second sweat sample obtained from the individual at after a predetermined interval of time;
(d) comparing the concentrations measured for the first and second sweat samples to detect a positive or negative change in the concentrations as an indicator of a positive or negative change in the individual's health state over the predetermined interval of time.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the target analyte is an antibody against an antigen selected from the group consisting of Epstein Barr Virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), H1N1 influenza HA, H1N1 influenza NP, H3N2 influenza HA, and H3N2 influenza NP.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein each of the first and second sweat samples consists essentially of sweat.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the wearable collection device is positioned at essentially the same location on the individual's body for each sample collection step.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reactants comprise a capture probe that binds to the target analyte, and wherein the presence of a detectable reaction product indicates the binding of the capture probe to the target analyte.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the assay unit is configured to run an enzymatic assay yielding a colored product, is configured to run an immunoassay, or both.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reactants are selected from the group of enzymes, substrates, colorimetric indicators, antibodies, and combinations thereof.
15. A method of detecting a target disease-specific antibody in a body fluid sample, the method comprising:
(a) collecting between about 5 μL to about 20 μL of the body fluid sample comprising sweat, wherein the sample is collected using a wearable sample collection device worn by a subject while the subject is performing exercise;
(b) contacting at least a portion of the collected sample to an analyte measurement device comprising an assay unit, wherein the assay unit is configured to detect at least one disease-specific antibody, wherein the disease-specific antibody is an IgG antibody or an IgA antibody, and wherein the assay unit comprises reactants for detection of the at least one disease-specific antibody;
(c) allowing the collected body fluid sample to react with the reactants, whereby a detectable reaction product is produced if the target disease-specific antibody is present in the sample; and
(d) detecting and measuring the reaction product, wherein the presence of detectable reaction product indicates the presence of the target disease-specific antibody in the sample; and wherein the amount of detectable reaction product is related to the concentration of the target disease-specific antibody in the sample.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the target disease specific antibody is against an antigen selected from the group consisting of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), H1N1 influenza HA, H1N1 influenza NP, H3N2 influenza HA, and H3N2 influenza NP.
17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising: (e) employing the concentration determined in (d) to distinguish between healthy subjects and subjects having a target analyte-associated disease.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the body fluid sample consists essentially of sweat.