High strength munitions structures with inherent chemical energy
Munitions structures comprising one or more high strength reactive alloys, in particular reactive bulk metallic glasses, have significant amounts of inherent chemical energy. This energy may be discharged by subjection of the munitions structure to rapid impulsive loading and fragmentation in the presence of oxygen and/or nitrogen. A munitions structure can be configured in both large and small penetrators, e.g. warheads and bullets, with increased lethality. The lethality of these munitions structures is augmented by means of rapidly and simultaneously imparting both mechanical energy (kinetic energy through impact and fragmentation) and chemical energy (blast and/or fireball) to a target. A high-strength reactive alloy can substitute at least in part one or both of explosives and inert structural materials in conventional munitions systems to improve performance and reduce parasitic weight of structural casing.
1. A munitions structure for use in one or more munitions systems, comprising:
a protective case comprising at least one high strength reactive alloy, the protective case substantially enclosing an explosive,
wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy has an elastic strain limit of at least 1.2% and an enthalpy of oxidation of at least 1,400 calories per gram.
2. The munitions structure of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy is a bulk-cast object.
3. The munitions structure of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy is a bulk metallic glass.
4. The munitions structure of claim 3 , wherein the bulk metallic glass is Zr-based.
5. The munitions structure of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy is a Zr-based bulk metallic glass having the formula:
Zr a Hf b (Ta,Nb,Ti) c Cu d (Ni,Fe,Co) e Al f
wherein a is in a range of from 40 to 60, b is in a range of from 0 to 14, c is in a range of from 2 to 5, d is in a range of from 10 to 35, e is in a range of from 5 to 20, and f is in a range of from 7 to 12.
6. The munitions structure of claim 5 , wherein the Zr-based bulk metallic glass has the following formula:
Zr a Hf b (Ta,Nb,Ti) c Cu d (Ni,Fe,Co) e Al f
wherein a ratio of (a+b+c) to (d+e) is in a range of from 1.2 to 2.5, and a ratio of (a+b) to c is in a range of from 10 to 20.
7. The munitions structure of claim 5 , wherein the Zr-based bulk metallic glass is substantially defined by the formula Zr 43 Hf 14 Nb 5 Cu 15.4 Ni 12.6 Al 10 .
8. The munitions structure of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy has:
a yield strength of at least 200 ksi;
an elastic strain limit of at least 1.8%; and
an enthalpy of oxidation of at least 2,000 calories per gram.
9. The munitions structure of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy has:
a yield strength of at least 200 ksi;
an elastic strain limit of at least 1.8%; and
an enthalpy of oxidation of at least 15,000 calories per cc.
10. The munitions structure of claim 1 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy has a density ranging from 6.5 to 8.0 g/cc.
11. The munitions structure of claim 1 , wherein the protective case and the explosive are configured such that upon on-demand applied stimuli, the explosive imparts rapid impulsive loading onto the protective case.
12. A bulk metallic glass (“BMG”) material comprising:
at least one high strength reactive alloy having an elastic strain limit of at least 1.2% and an enthalpy of oxidation of at least 1,400 calories per gram, wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy has a formula of Zr 43 Hf 14 Nb 5 Cu 15.4 Ni 12.6 Al 10 ,
wherein the BMG forms a cavity within which an explosive is configured to reside.
13. The BMG of claim 12 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy further has a yield strength of greater than 120 ksi.
14. The BMG of claim 12 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy further has:
a yield strength of at least 200 ksi,
an elastic strain limit of at least 1.8%, and
an enthalpy of oxidation of at least 2,000 calories per gram.
15. The BMG of claim 12 , wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy further has:
a yield strength of at least 200 ksi,
an elastic strain limit of at least 1.8%, and
an enthalpy of oxidation of at least 15,000 calories per cc.
16. A munitions structure for use in one or more munitions systems, comprising:
an axially symmetric protective case comprising at least one high strength reactive alloy, and the axially symmetric protective case enclosing an explosive, wherein a ratio of a mass of structural components of the munitions structure to a mass of the explosive is within a range from 1.0 to 10.0,
wherein the at least one high strength reactive alloy has an elastic strain limit of at least 1.2% and an enthalpy of oxidation of at least 1,400 calories per gram.