Controlling reactabtlity of water-reactive aluminum
Materials, kits, and methods are directed to controlling reactability of activated aluminum to produce hydrogen when exposed to water. For example, a moisture-stabilized material may be treatable with one or more additives to form a water-reactive source of hydrogen. The moisture-stabilized material may include a bulk volume including aluminum, at least one activation metal disposed along the aluminum within the bulk volume, the at least one activation metal more noble than the aluminum, and a salt along at least an outer surface of the bulk volume, the salt dissolvable in water to form an ion-containing solution at a rate faster than a reaction rate of water with the aluminum of the bulk volume.
1. A moisture-stabilized material treatable with one or more dietary flavonoids to increase hydrogen yield in reaction with water, the moisture-stabilized material comprising:
a bulk volume including an aluminum alloy, the bulk volume having an outer surface including an aluminum oxide layer;
an activation metal including gallium, the activation metal distributed within the aluminum alloy of the bulk volume; and
a salt in crystalline form on at least a portion of the aluminum oxide layer of the outer surface of the bulk volume.
2. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum alloy of the bulk volume is a cold-worked aluminum alloy that is plastically deformed and non-recrystallized.
3. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 2 , wherein the activation metal is along grain boundaries of the aluminum alloy within the bulk volume.
4. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 2 , wherein the activation metal is liquid metal within the bulk volume.
5. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 2 , wherein the cold-worked aluminum alloy includes copper.
6. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 5 , wherein the cold-worked aluminum alloy is 7075 T6 aluminum alloy.
7. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 2 , wherein a percentage of aluminum in the aluminum alloy is greater than a percentage of aluminum in 7075 aluminum alloy.
8. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the outer surface of the bulk volume includes aluminum oxide having disruptions through which water is penetrable to reach the aluminum alloy of the bulk volume.
9. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the activation metal further includes indium.
10. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline form of the salt on the outer surface of the bulk volume is deliquescent.
11. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline form of the salt is movable along the aluminum oxide layer on the outer surface of the bulk volume.
12. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the salt covers greater than about 95 percent of the aluminum oxide layer of the outer surface of the bulk volume.
13. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a combined mass of the aluminum alloy and the activation metal to a mass of the salt is greater than zero and less than about 250:1.
14. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline form of the salt has a melting point above 100° C.
15. The moisture-stabilized material of claim 1 , wherein the salt includes table salt, baking soda, Epsom salt, or a combination thereof.