Photonic integrated circuit structure with coupler for interlayer waveguide coupling
Disclosed is a structure including a first waveguide core with a first end portion and a second waveguide core with a second end portion, which overlays and is physically separated from the first end portion. The structure includes a coupler configured for interlayer waveguide coupling. Specifically, the coupler includes an additional waveguide core stacked vertically between and physically separated from the first end portion and the second end portion. Optionally, the coupler includes multiple additional waveguide cores. The shapes of the various waveguide cores are configured in order to achieve mode matching so that optical signals pass between the first end portion of the first waveguide core and the second end portion of the second waveguide core through each additional waveguide core in sequence. Also disclosed is a structure including a crossing array implemented using couplers.
1. A structure comprising:
a first waveguide core with a first end portion;
a second waveguide core with a second end portion overlaying and physically separated from the first end portion; and
a coupler between the first end portion and the second end portion, wherein the coupler comprises multiple additional waveguide cores stacked vertically between and physically separated from the first end portion and the second end portion,
wherein the first end portion and the second end portion are tapered in opposite directions,
wherein each of the additional waveguide cores has a section between opposing ends that is wider than adjacent sections of the first end portion below and the second end portion above, and
wherein the additional waveguide cores have a same area dimension.
2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the additional waveguide cores are center-aligned with the first end portion and the second end portion.
3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the first end portion is tapered in a first direction down to a minimum first width at a first endwall and the second end portion is tapered in a second direction opposite the first direction down to a minimum second width at a second endwall and wherein the additional waveguide cores extends laterally beyond the first endwall and the second endwall.
4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first end portion and the second end portion is tapered in multiple stages with different taper angles.
5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the additional waveguide cores are rectangular in shape.
6. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the additional waveguide cores have tapered opposing ends.
7. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the first end portion has a first maximum width, wherein the second end portion has a second maximum width, and wherein the section of each of the additional waveguide cores between the opposing ends has an additional maximum width that is greater than the first maximum width and the second maximum width.
8. The structure of claim 7 , wherein the first maximum width is less than the second maximum width.
9. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the first waveguide core, the second waveguide core and the additional waveguide cores comprise a same waveguide core material.
10. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the additional waveguide cores comprises a different waveguide core material than at least the first waveguide core.
11. The structure of claim 10 , wherein the first waveguide core and the second waveguide core comprise different waveguide core materials.
12. The structure of claim 10 , wherein the first waveguide core and the second waveguide core comprise a same waveguide core material.
13. The structure of claim 1 ,
wherein the first waveguide core comprises any of silicon and silicon nitride,
wherein the second waveguide core comprises silicon nitride, and
wherein the additional waveguide cores comprises any of silicon carbon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride., silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, and alumina.
14. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the first waveguide core, the second waveguide core, and the additional waveguide cores are surrounded by cladding.
15. A structure comprising:
a semiconductor substrate having a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and a cavity adjacent to the second surface;
an insulator layer immediately adjacent to the second surface of the semiconductor substrate and extending over the cavity;
a first waveguide core immediately adjacent to the insulator layer and having a first end portion aligned above the cavity, wherein the first waveguide core is a silicon waveguide core;
a second waveguide core with a second end portion overlaying and physically separated from the first end portion; and
a coupler between the first end portion and the second end portion, wherein the coupler comprises additional waveguide cores stacked vertically between and physically separated from the first end portion and the second end portion,
wherein the first end portion and the second end portion are tapered in opposite directions,
wherein each of the additional waveguide cores has a section between opposing ends that is wider than adjacent sections of the first end portion below and the second end portion above, and
wherein the additional waveguide cores have a same area dimension.
16. The structure of claim 15 , wherein the additional waveguide cores are center-aligned with the first end portion and the second end portion.
17. The structure of claim 15 , wherein the first end portion is tapered in a first direction down to a minimum first width at a first endwall and the second end portion is tapered in a second direction opposite the first direction down to a minimum second width at a second endwall and wherein the additional waveguide cores extends laterally beyond the first endwall and the second endwall.
18. The structure of claim 15 , wherein the additional waveguide cores are rectangular in shape.
19. The structure of claim 15 , wherein the additional waveguide cores have tapered opposing ends.
20. A structure comprising:
a group of first waveguide cores, wherein the first waveguide cores have first end portions;
a group of second waveguide cores, wherein the second waveguide cores are parallel and have second end portions overlaying and physically separated from the first end portions, respectively;
a group of third waveguide cores, wherein the group of second waveguide cores overlays the group of third waveguide cores and wherein the third waveguide cores are perpendicular to the second waveguide cores; and
a group of couplers, wherein each coupler comprises at least one additional waveguide core stacked vertically between and physically separated from a first end portion of a first waveguide core and a second end portion of a second waveguide core.