Transcription factors controlling differentiation of stem cells
Forced expression of a handful of transcription factors (TFs) can induce conversions between cell identities; however, the extent to which TFs can alter cell identity has not been systematically assessed. Here, we assembled a human TFome, a comprehensive expression library of 1,578 human TF clones with full coverage of the major TF families. By systematically screening the human TFome, we identified 77 individual TFs that induce loss of human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cell (hiPSC) identity, suggesting a pervasive ability for TFs to alter cell identity. Using large-scale computational cell type classification trained on thousands of tissue expression profiles, we identified cell types generated by these TFs with high efficiency and speed, without additional selections or mechanical perturbations. TF expression in adult human tissues only correlated with some of the cell lineage generated, suggesting more complexity than observation studies can explain.
1. A method of screening one or more transcription factors to identify one or more transcription factors (“TF”) that induce differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells, comprising:
delivering to the induced pluripotent stem cells
(1) a transcription factor,
(2) a nucleic acid molecule comprising an open reading frame encoding the transcription factor, or
(3) an activator of transcription of a nucleic acid molecule comprising an open reading frame encoding the transcription factor, or any combination of (1)-(3), and
identifying a transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells to generate one or more differentiated cells when a ratio between a frequency of normalized reads of the transcription factor in a differentiated cell and a frequency of normalized reads of the transcription factor in an undifferentiated cell yields a Log2 score of greater than or equal to −2.02.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells comprises ETV2 and endothelial cells are formed; the transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells comprises MYOG and muscle cells are formed; the transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells comprises FOXC1 and cardiac muscle progenitor cells are formed; the transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells comprises MITF and neural crest and melanocyte cells are formed; the transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells comprises WT1 and kidney progenitor cells are formed; or the transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells comprises CDX2 and placental cells are formed.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: contacting the differentiated cells with a test substance and observing a change in the differentiated cells induced by the test substance.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: transplanting the differentiated cells into a patient.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from somatic cells of the patient.
6. The method of claim 4 , further comprising: contacting the differentiated cells with a test substance and observing a change in the differentiated cells induced by the test substance.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the contacting is performed before the transplanting or after the transplanting.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transcription factor for differentiating one or more of the induced pluripotent stem cells is selected from the group consisting of ZNF70; ZNF461; TFAP2B; ZNF426; MITF; CDX2; MEOX2; AKNA; NKX2-8; NKX3-2; NKX2-3; ZNF16/HZF1; ETV2; TFDP3; RELA/p65; NEUROG1; ID4; HEST; MXD4; SOX14; FOXP1; E2F2; NEUROG3; ZNF148/ZBP89; GRLF1/ARHGAP35; BOLA2; ZNF616; MAX; ATOH1; PRDMS; LHXS; ZNF273; MAFK; HOXA1; HIF2A/EPAS1; MAFB; E2F3; PRDM7; ZNF44; HMGA1; NRL; BATF3; MYOG; KLF15; LMX1A; HOXB6; DMRTB1; ATF7; SCRT2; ZNF593; HES2; ZSCAN2; MSX2; ID3; SOX12; GLI1; DPRX; SMAD3; ZBED3; CAMTA2; MSC; ASCL3; BARX1; DMRT1; HOXA10; TSC22D3; ZNF837; MXD3; ZNF692; NHLH2; ZNF626; THAP3; SRY; WT1; SHOX; ZNF43; NEUROG2; EMX1; EMX2; TBR1; FOXG1; FOXC1; TFPD3; and ZSCAN1.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising sorting the differentiated cells using fluorescence activated cell sorting.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
assaying the differentiated cells and determining a set of transcribed genes;
comparing the set of transcribed genes of the differentiated cells to one or more reference sets of transcribed genes from one or more reference tissues or cells; and
identifying a match between the differentiated cells and a reference tissue or cell.
11. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
assaying the differentiated cells and determining amounts of a set of transcribed genes;
comparing the amounts of the transcribed genes of the differentiated cells to one or more reference sets of amounts of transcribed genes from one or more reference tissues or cells; and
identifying a match between the differentiated cells and a reference tissue or cell.
12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
identifying differentiated cells as a type of differentiated cells by assaying morphological features of the differentiated cells and matching the morphological features to morphological features of a reference tissue or cell;
identifying differentiated cells as a type of differentiated cells by assaying protein marker expression of the differentiated cells and matching the protein marker expression to a reference tissue or cell's protein marker expression; or
identifying differentiated cells as a type of differentiated cells by assaying a function and matching the function to a function of a reference tissue or cell.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the differentiated cells are sorted on the basis of loss of expression of a stem cell marker.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the stem cell marker is keratin sulfate cell surface antigen, TRA-1-60.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the loss of expression of a stem cell marker is determined in a medium adapted for growth of stem cells.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a cDNA and expression of the cDNA is inducible.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a cDNA and multiple copies of the cDNA per genome are integrated in the genome of the induced pluripotent stem cells.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transcription factor, the nucleic acid molecule comprising the open reading frame encoding the transcription factor, or the activator of transcription of the nucleic acid molecule comprising the open reading frame encoding the transcription factor are present in the differentiated population of cells.