Apparatus for single stage on-board charger with an integrated pulsating buffer control
In at least one embodiment, a vehicle battery charger is provided. The charger includes at least one transformer, a first active bridge, a second active bridge, and at least one controller. The first active bridge includes a first plurality of switching devices being positioned with the primary. The second active bridge includes a second plurality of switching devices being positioned with the secondary to generate. The controller is configured to activate the first plurality of switching devices based on a primary control signal and to activate the second plurality of switching devices based on a secondary control signal. The controller is configured to generate the secondary control signal in accordance to a first control variable. The controller is further configured to generate a second control variable that corresponds to a phase shift between the primary control signal and the secondary control signal.
1. A vehicle battery charger comprising:
at least one transformer having one or more primary windings and one or more secondary windings;
a first active bridge including a first plurality of switching devices being positioned with the one or more primary windings on a primary side of the charger to generate a first voltage signal in response to an input voltage signal from a mains supply;
a second active bridge including a second plurality of switching devices being positioned with the one or more secondary windings on a secondary side of the charger to generate a second voltage signal having a current ripple in response to the first voltage signal;
a pulsating buffer (PB) converter interfacing with the second active bridge and being configured to reduce or eliminate the current ripple from the second voltage signal and to generate a smoothed output signal suitable for storage on one or more batteries on a vehicle; and
at least one controller configured to:
selectively activate the first plurality of switching devices based on a single primary control signal to generate the first voltage signal in response to the input voltage signal;
selectively activate the second plurality of switching devices based on a single secondary control signal to generate the second voltage signal in response to the first voltage signal, the at least one controller being configured to generate the single secondary control signal in accordance to a first control variable that corresponds to a duty cycle; and
generate a second control variable that corresponds to a phase shift between the single primary control signal and the single secondary control signal, wherein the second control variable enables the at least one controller to transfer power between the first active bridge and the second active bridge.
2. The vehicle battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the first control variable is further based on a measured current of the one or more batteries.
3. The vehicle battery charger of claim 2 , wherein the first control variable changes as the charging target current changes and as the measured current of the one or more batteries changes.
4. The vehicle battery charger of claim 2 , wherein the at least one controller includes a moving average block programmed to obtain a predetermined number of samples of the measured current of the one or more batteries to generate a final measured current of the one or more batteries.
5. The vehicle battery charger of claim 4 wherein the at least one controller includes a comparator for obtaining a difference between the charging target current and the final measured current of the one or more batteries to provide a first difference output.
6. The vehicle battery charger of claim 5 , wherein the at least one controller includes a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to generate the first control variable (D) based on the first difference output.
7. The vehicle battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to generate the first control variable to compensate for a current ripple in current for the one or more batteries on the vehicle.
8. The vehicle battery charger of claim 1 , wherein the second control variable (FI) is based at least on a measured alternating current on the input voltage signal from the mains supply.
9. The vehicle battery charger of claim 8 , wherein the second control variable (FI) is further based at least on a maximum peak voltage of the PB converter and a maximum voltage stored across a capacitor positioned in the PB converter.
10. A vehicle battery charger comprising:
at least one transformer having a primary and a secondary;
a first active bridge including a first plurality of switching devices being positioned with the primary to generate a first voltage signal in response to an input voltage signal from a mains supply;
a second active bridge including a second plurality of switching devices being positioned with the secondary to generate a second voltage signal having a current ripple in response to the first voltage signal;
a pulsating buffer (PB) converter interfacing with the second active bridge and being configured to eliminate the current ripple from the second voltage signal and to generate a smoothed output signal suitable for storage on one or more batteries on a vehicle; and
at least one controller configured to:
selectively activate the first plurality of switching devices based on a single primary control signal to generate the first voltage signal in response to the input voltage signal;
selectively activate the second plurality of switching devices based on a single secondary control signal to generate the second voltage signal in response to the first voltage signal, the at least one controller being configured to generate the single secondary control signal in accordance to a first control variable that corresponds to a duty cycle; and
generate a second control variable that corresponds to a phase shift between the single primary control signal and the single secondary control signal, wherein the second control variable enables the at least one controller to transfer power between the first active bridge and the second active bridge.
11. The vehicle battery charger of claim 10 , wherein the first control variable is further based on a measured current of the one or more batteries.
12. The vehicle battery charger of claim 11 , wherein the first control variable changes as the charging target current changes and as the measured current of the one or more batteries changes.
13. The vehicle battery charger of claim 11 , wherein the at least one controller includes a moving average block programmed to obtain a predetermined number of samples of the measured current of the one or more batteries to generate a final measured current of the one or more batteries.
14. The vehicle battery charger of claim 13 , wherein the at least one controller includes a comparator for obtaining a difference between the charging target current and the final measured current of the one or more batteries to provide a first difference output.
15. The vehicle battery charger of claim 14 , wherein the at least one controller
includes a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to generate the first control variable (D) based on the first difference output.
16. The vehicle battery charger of claim 10 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to generate the first control variable to compensate for a current ripple in current for the one or more batteries on the vehicle.
17. The vehicle battery charger of claim 10 , wherein the second control variable (FI) is based at least on a measured alternating current on the input voltage signal from the mains supply.
18. The vehicle battery charger of claim 17 , wherein the second control variable (FI) is further based at least on a maximum peak voltage of the PB converter and a maximum voltage stored across a capacitor positioned in the PB converter.
19. A vehicle battery charger comprising:
at least one transformer having a primary and a secondary;
a first active bridge including a first plurality of switching devices being positioned with the primary to generate a first voltage signal in response to an input voltage signal;
a second active bridge including a second plurality of switching devices being positioned with the secondary to generate a second voltage signal having a current ripple in response to the first power signal; and
at least one controller configured to:
selectively activate the first plurality of switching devices based on a single primary control signal to generate the first voltage signal in response to the input voltage signal;
selectively activate the second plurality of switching devices on a single secondary control signal to generate the second voltage signal in response to the first voltage signal, the at least one controller being configured to generate the single secondary control signal in accordance to a first control variable that corresponds to a duty cycle; and
generate a second control variable that corresponds to a phase shift between the single primary control signal and the second control signals and the single secondary control signal, wherein the second control variable enables the at least one controller to transfer power between the first active bridge and the second active bridge.
20. The vehicle battery charger of claim 19 further comprising a pulsating buffer (PB) converter interfacing with the second active bridge and being configured to reduce or eliminate the current ripple from the second voltage signal and to generate a smoothed output signal suitable for storage on one or more batteries on a vehicle.