Active cell balancing in batteries using switch mode dividers

1. An assembly, comprising:

at least one switch mode divider (SMD) connectable in parallel to at least one respective battery cell and operable to equalize voltages among plural battery cells based on signals from at least one voltage sensor, the SMD being characterized by a control output voltage Vo that is a function of a duty cycle of a drive waveform and high and low rail voltages; and

at least one circuit that generates a signal representative of current and being associated with a control output voltage of the at least one SMD to enable the SMD to limit current from the SMD to at least one of the battery cells during charging.

2. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the circuit comprises a current sensor that generates the signal based on current sensed by the current sensor.

3. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the circuit comprises a controller that generates the signal based on an estimation of current.

4. The assembly of claim 3 , wherein the controller uses Ohm's law to estimate the current.

5. The assembly of claim 3 , wherein the controller modulates the at least one SMD based on the estimation to limit current through at least one balancing leg associated with the at least one SMD to be no more than a threshold current magnitude.

6. The assembly of claim 5 , wherein the threshold current magnitude is a second threshold current magnitude, and wherein the second threshold current magnitude is a predetermined amount less than a first threshold current magnitude at which battery cell stress occurs due to overcurrent.

7. The assembly of claim 6 , wherein the controller is preprogrammed with the second threshold current magnitude.

8. The assembly of claim 3 , wherein the estimation of current is based at least in part on at least one estimation of impedance for at least part of the assembly.

9. The assembly of claim 8 , wherein the estimation of impedance is based at least in part on at least one temperature coefficient to estimate change in impedance at a given temperature.

10. The assembly of claim 9 , wherein temperature is sensed for estimating changes in impedance due to changes in temperature using at least one temperature sensor in the assembly.

11. The assembly of claim 10 , comprising at least one temperature sensor and comprising the plural battery cells.

12. The assembly of claim 11 , wherein the temperature sensor senses temperature of electronics.

13. An apparatus, comprising:

at least first and second battery cells arranged in electrical series with each other and defining a primary charge/discharge path;

a balancing circuit arranged in electrical parallel with the primary charge/discharge path, the balancing circuit comprising:

a voltage sensor line comprising a respective positive node and a respective negative node and;

at least one cell junction between respective adjacent battery cells;

at least one voltage sensor;

a respective switch mode divider (SMD) connected to a respective cell junction; and

at least one controller controlling the respective SMDs to equalize voltages among battery cells.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 , comprising:

a respective current sensor electrically connected to a respective balancing leg and useful to enable the respective SMD to limit current through the respective balancing leg to which the current sensor is connected.

15. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the controller controls the respective SMD to limit current through the respective balancing leg based on an estimation of current in the respective balancing leg.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the estimation of current in the respective balancing leg is based at least in part on an impedance of the respective balancing leg.

17. A method, comprising:

modulating at least one switch mode divider (SMD) associated with respective battery cells to equalize voltage among the battery cells during battery charge, the SMD characterized by being driven by a constant period signal having an ON time and OFF time, the sum of which equals to a total constant period; and

limiting current in at least one balancing leg associated with the at least one SMD to satisfy a threshold.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein at least the balancing is executed only after at least one battery cell reaches full charge voltage during battery charge.

19. The method of claim 17 , comprising limiting current in at least one balancing leg associated with the at least one SMD to satisfy a threshold at least in part using a current sensor that provides input to a controller, and comprising using the controller to modulate the SMD to limit current in the at least one balancing leg to a threshold based on the input from the current sensor.

20. The method of claim 17 , comprising limiting current in at least one balancing leg associated with the at least one SMD to satisfy a threshold during battery discharge.

21. Assembly, comprising:

at least one switch mode divider (SMD) connectable in parallel to at least one respective battery cell and operable to equalize voltages between plural cells during charging or discharging of the cells; and

at least one current sensor associated with a control output voltage of the at least one SMD to enable the SMD to limit current from the SMD to at least one of the cells during charging or discharging.

22. The assembly of claim 21 , comprising the battery cells, the battery cells comprising Lithium-ion cells.

23. A method, comprising:

modulating at least one switch mode divider (SMD) associated with respective battery cells to equalize voltage between the cells during battery charge or discharge; and

limiting current in at least one balancing leg associated with the at least one SMD to satisfy a threshold.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein at least the balancing is executed only after at least one cell reaches full charge voltage during battery charge.

25. The method of claim 23 , comprising limiting current in at least one balancing leg associated with the at least one SMD to satisfy a threshold at least in part using a current sensor providing input to a controller and using the controller to modulate the SMD to limit current in the at least one balancing leg to a threshold based on the input from the current sensor.

26. The method of claim 23 , comprising limiting current in at least one balancing leg associated with the at least one SMD to satisfy a threshold during battery discharge.

27. The method of claim 17 , comprising recalibrating by periodic application of reference currents on a primary charge path to the cells when the battery is otherwise unloaded and not being charged.

28. The method of claim 17 , comprising turning on balancing prior to any cell reaching full charge voltage.