Chalcogen-grafted carbon materials and processes for their preparation
Chalcogen-grafted carbon material as well as their functionalized forms are described along with processes for their preparation. More specifically, the chalcogen is covalently linked to the carbon scaffold of a polyaromatic carbon via C═X and/or C—X—C bonds. Processes for their preparation include a single thermal treatment without the use of strong acids or anhydrous solvents.
1. A chalcogen-grafted carbon material, wherein the chalcogen-grafted carbon material is a polyaromatic carbon material comprising a polyaromatic fused ring system, and the chalcogen X is covalently linked to the polyaromatic carbon material via C═X bonds on outside rings of said polyaromatic fused ring system and/or C—X—C bonds in the form of 3-membered rings on a surface of said polyaromatic fused ring system, wherein:
the chalcogen is a chalcogen other than oxygen,
C is a carbon atom from the polyaromatic fused ring system, and
wherein the molar ratio of carbon:chalcogen in the chalcogen-grafted carbon material is within the range of from 2:1 to 1000:1.
2. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of carbon:chalcogen is within the range of from 3:1 to 100:1.
3. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 1 , wherein the polyaromatic carbon material comprises 5-membered, 6-membered, 7-membered and optionally higher-membered rings in a fused rings system.
4. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 1 , wherein the chalcogen-grafted carbon comprises units of at least one of the formulae:
wherein X is selected from S, Se and Te.
5. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 4 , wherein the chalcogen-grafted carbon further comprises C═X bonds.
6. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 1 , wherein said polyaromatic carbon material is selected from graphene, graphite, carbon foams, and nanocarbons.
7. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 6 , wherein said polyaromatic carbon material is graphene.
8. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 6 , wherein said nanocarbons comprises nanohorns, fullerenes, and/or carbon nanotubes.
9. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 1 , wherein X is selected from S, Se and Te.
10. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 9 , wherein X is S.
11. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 10 , wherein the concentration of chalcogen in the chalcogen-grafted carbon is from 1 wt % to 50 wt %.
12. The chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 11 , wherein the concentration of chalcogen in the chalcogen-grafted carbon is from 3 wt % to 47 wt %.
13. A functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material, wherein the chalcogen-grafted carbon material is a polyaromatic carbon material comprising a polyaromatic fused ring system comprising C—X—C in the form of 3-membered rings on a surface of said polyaromatic fused ring system and C═X bonds on outside rings of said polyaromatic fused ring system, and is functionalized with —XH, —XR, or a combination thereof, or a complex or salt thereof, wherein X is a chalcogen covalently linked to the polyaromatic carbon material, and R is a functional group, or R is another X from the functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material thereby forming a C—X—X—C dichalcogenide bond, wherein the chalcogen is a chalcogen other than oxygen, and wherein C is a carbon atom from the polyaromatic carbon material.
14. The functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 13 , wherein the polyaromatic carbon material is functionalized with —XH or a salt or a metal complex thereof.
15. The functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 13 , wherein the C—X—C, C═X, —XH and/or —XR form a complex with a metal ion or a metal aggregate.
16. The functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 15 , wherein the metal aggregate is selected from metallic nanoparticles made of a transition metal such as Pt, Ni, Co, Cu, Ru, Au and Ag.
17. The functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 16 , wherein the transition metal is selected from Pt, Ni, Co, Cu, Ru, Au and Ag.
18. The functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 13 , wherein the polyaromatic carbon material is functionalized with —XR, where R is an antibody tag, an alkyl, allyl, benzyl, phenyl, a polymer, MAL-PEG-NHS, SMCC-PEG-NHS, MAL-PEG-BIOTIN, SMCC-PEG-Biotin, or any other biocompatible polymers.
19. The functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material of claim 18 , wherein the antibody tag is selected from SATA, SMCC, and SPDP.
20. A process for the preparation of a chalcogen-grafted carbon material, comprising the steps of:
(a) disposing a polyaromatic carbon material in a first compartment and a chalcogen in a second compartment, where the first and second compartments are connected to allow gaseous exchange without direct physical contact between the polyaromatic carbon and chalcogen; and
(b) simultaneously heating the first compartment at a first temperature and the second compartment at a second temperature;
wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature and wherein the second temperature allows the sublimation of the chalcogen;
wherein said chalcogen is a chalcogen other than oxygen.
21. The process of claim 20 , wherein the first and second compartments are part of a dumbbell-shape ampoule.
22. The process of claim 20 , wherein the first and second compartments are reactors.
23. The process of claim 20 , wherein the first temperature is a temperature which is 500° C. or less, higher than the second temperature, or between 10° C. and 200° C. higher than the second temperature.
24. The process of claim 20 , wherein the second temperature is within the range of from 100° C. to 950° C.
25. The process of claim 24 , wherein the chalcogen X is Se and the second temperature is within the range of from 220° C. to 800° C., or from 180° C. to 650° C., or from 230° C. to 700° C., or from 200° C. to 600° C., or from 190° C. to 500° C.
26. The process of claim 24 , wherein the chalcogen X is Te and the second temperature is within the range of from 350° C. to 950° C., or from 300° C. to 850° C., or from 550° C. to 750° C., or from 400° C. to 700° C., or from 550° C. to 950° C., or from 500° C. to 650° C., or from 330° C. to 550° C.
27. The process of claim 24 , wherein the chalcogen X is S and the second temperature is within the range of from 100° C. to 650° C.
28. The process of claim 27 , wherein the chalcogen X is S and the second temperature is within the range of from 150° C. to 650° C., or from 200° C. to 500° C., or from 150° C. to 450° C.
29. A process for producing a functionalized chalcogen-grafted carbon material, comprising the step of reacting a chalcogen-grafted carbon material as defined in claim 1 with a nucleophile, an oxidant, a reducing agent, a metal or a metallic salt or complex.
30. The process of claim 29 , wherein the oxidant is HNO 3 or O 2 or wherein the reducing agent is LiAlH 4 .