Conversion materials for electrochemical water softening
A water softening device includes a container configured to contain water, first and second electrodes arranged in fluid communication with the water, and a power source. The first electrode includes a conversion material that has a first composition and a second composition coexisting with the first composition. The first composition includes calcium ions bonded thereto and the second composition includes sodium ions bonded thereto. The power source supplies current in a first operating state such that the second composition exchanges sodium ions for calcium ions in the water to generate a soft water solution. The first and second electrodes are connected in a second operating state such that the first composition exchanges calcium ions for sodium ions in the water to generate a wastewater solution. The conversion material undergoes a reversible conversion reaction to convert between the first and second compositions within the water stability window.
1. A conversion electrode for a water softening device, comprising:
a conversion material having a first composition and a second composition coexisting with the first composition, the first composition including calcium ions bonded thereto and the second composition including sodium ions bonded thereto,
wherein the conversion material is configured to be at least partially immersed in a water solution and undergo a reversible conversion reaction in which (i) the first composition exchanges the bonded calcium ions for free sodium ions in the water solution and converts to the second composition in a first condition of the conversion electrode and (ii) the second composition exchanges the bonded sodium ions for free calcium ions in the water solution and converts to the first composition in a second condition of the conversion electrode, and
wherein the first composition includes at least 10 percent by weight of a compound represented by the formula CaMg x MO y and the second composition includes at least 10 percent by weight of a compound rrepresented by the formula NaMg x MO y , where x, y, and M have the values in any one row of the following table:
x
y
M
30
32
Fe
14
16
Mn
6
8
Mn.
2. A conversion electrode for a water softening device, comprising:
a conversion material having a first composition and a second composition coexisting with the first composition, the first composition including calcium ions bonded thereto and the second composition including sodium ions bonded thereto,
wherein the conversion material is configured to at least partially immersed in a water solution and undergo a reversible conversion reaction in which (i) the first composition exchanges the bonded calcium ions for free sodium ions in the water solution and converts to the second composition in a first condition of the conversion electrode and (ii) the second composition exchanges the bonded sodium ions for free calcium ions in the water solution and converts to the first composition in a second condition of the conversion electrode, and
wherein the first composition includes at least 10 percent by weight of a compound represented by the formula Ca y MnO 2 and the second composition includes at least 10 percent by weight of a compound represented by the formula Na x MnO 2 , where x and y have the values in any one row of the following table:
x
y
1.0
1/16
0.125
0.125
0.25
0.25
11/24 or 7/16
0.25
0.25
0.333
0.1
0.5
0.15
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.44 to 0.5
0.5
0.125 to 1.0
1.0.
3. A conversion electrode for a water softening device, comprising:
a conversion material having a first composition and a second composition coexisting with the first composition, the first composition including calcium ions bonded thereto and the second composition including sodium ions bonded thereto,
wherein the conversion material is configured to be at least partially immersed in a water solution and undergo a reversible conversion reaction in which (i) the first composition exchanges the bonded calcium ions for free sodium ions in the water solution and converts to the second composition in a first condition of the conversion electrode and (ii) the second composition exchanges the bonded sodium ions for free calcium ions in the water solution and converts to the first composition in a second condition of the conversion electrode, and
wherein the first composition includes at least 10 percent by weight of a compound represented by the formula Ca x (MO 2 ) and the second composition includes at least 10 percent by weight of a compound represented by the formula Na y (MO 2 ), where x, y, and M have the values in any one row of the following table:
x
y
M
0.5
0.5
Fe
0.5
0.25 to 0.9
Ni
0.25
1.0
Ni.
4. The conversion electrode of claim 3 , wherein a voltage of the conversion electrode in the first and second conditions is within a range of −1.0 V to 1.5 V.
5. The conversion electrode of claim 1 , wherein a voltage of the conversion electrode in the first and second conditions is within a range of −1.0 V to 1.5 V.
6. The conversion electrode of claim 2 , wehrein a voltage of the conversion electrode in the first and second conditions is within a range of −1.0 V to 1.5 V.