Generation of neural stem cells from human trophoblast stem cells

1. A method of treating a neurological disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering at least one neural stem cell to the subject, wherein the at least one neural stem cell is a human neural stem cell that expresses Cdx2, Nanog, Ngn3, RARβ, RXRα, RXRβ, RALDH-2, and RALDH-3 proteins, wherein the neural stem cell has low levels of expression or an absence of expression of CD33 or CD133 cell surface proteins as compared to a human trophoblastic stem cell,

wherein the neurological disorder is Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia, Lewy body disease, spinal muscular atrophy, multiple system atrophy, dementia, schizophrenia, paralysis, multiple sclerosis, a spinal cord injury, a brain injury, a cranial nerve disorder, a peripheral sensory neuropathy, epilepsy, a prion disorder, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Alper's disease, cerebellar/spinocerebellar degeneration, Batten disease, corticobasal degeneration, Bell's palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Pick's disease, or autism, and

wherein administering comprises injecting or implanting.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one neural stem cell has a low level of expression or an absence of expression of CD33 cell surface protein as compared to an isolated human trophoblast stem cell.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one neural stem cell has a low level of expression or an absence of expression of CD133 cell surface protein as compared to an isolated human trophoblast stem cell.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one neural stem cell has a low level of expression or an absence of expression of CD33 and CD133 cell surface proteins as compared to a human trophoblastic stem cell.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises administering the at least one neural stem cell into a brain of the subject, and wherein the at least one neural stem cell differentiates into a neuron following administration.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the neuron comprises a dopaminergic neuron, a glutaminergic neuron, a serotonergic neuron, or a gamma aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neuron.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a symptom of the neurological disorder is rigidity, akinesia, balance impairment, tremor, gait disorder, maldispositional gait, dementia, excessive swelling (edema), muscle weakness, atrophy in the lower extremity, movement disorder (chorea), muscle rigidity, a slowing of physical movement (bradykinesia), loss of physical movement, forgetfulness, cognitive impairment, loss of recognition (agnosia), impaired function of decision-making, impaired function of planning, hemifacial paralysis, sensory deficit, numbness, tingling, painful paresthesias in extremities, weakness, cranial nerve palsies, difficulty with speech, eye movements, visual field defect, blindness, hemorrhage, exudates, proximal muscle wasting, dyskinesia, abnormality of tonus in limb muscles, decrease in myotony, incoordination, wrong indication in finger-finger test, wrong indication in finger-nose test, dysmetria, Holmes-Stewart phenomenon, incomplete systemic paralysis, complete systemic paralysis, optic neuritis, multiple vision, ocular motor disturbances, nystagmus, spastic paralysis, painful tonic seizure, Lhermitte syndrome, ataxia, mogilalia, vesicorectal disturbance, orthostatic hypotension, decrease in motor function, bed wetting, poor verbalization, poor sleep patterns, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, change in weight, psychomotor agitation or retardation, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking or concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation or attempts, fearfulness, anxiety, irritability, brooding, obsessive rumination, excessive concern with physical health, panic attack, or phobia, or a combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one neural stem cell produces dopamine, a subunit of a glutamate NMDA receptor, synapsin I, a-calcium channel marker, GAP-43, voltage-dependent K + channel, a voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel, or a voltage-dependent Na + channel.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one neural stem cell does not induce an immune response or inhibits an immune response by a T cell, a B cell, a macrophage, a microglia cell, a mast cell, or a natural killer (NK) cell in the subject.