Synergistic zero-valent iron-based green sorption media for contaminant removal
A synergistic composition can be used to treat water containing nitrogen compounds and phosphorus compounds. The synergistic composition includes iron filings, clay particles, aluminum particles, and sand particles. The iron filings, clay particles, and aluminum particles act synergistically to remove nitrogen compounds and phosphorus compounds from water. Specifically, the clay particles attract the nitrogen compounds and the phosphorus compounds to be absorbed onto a surface of the iron filings and the clay particles. The aluminum particles react with the nitrogen compounds via an oxidation reaction to form ammonia compounds, and react with the phosphorus compounds to produce aluminum phosphate. As such, the synergistic relationship between the iron filings, clay particles, and aluminum particles remove nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from water and recover the compounds in usable forms, namely, ammonia and aluminum phosphate.
1. A method of treating water containing one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances, the method comprising the steps of:
mixing together a composition of zero-valent iron particles, clay particles, and sand particles to generate a fixed bed filter including the composition;
flowing an amount of water containing one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances through the fixed bed filter including the composition;
during flowing the amount of water through the fixed bed filter, via the zero-valent iron particles of the composition, oxidizing the one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances of the amount of water to generate at least one fluorinated carbon group and an oxidation-reaction-induced byproduct, the oxidation-reaction-induced byproduct including a portion of the one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances, such that the oxidation-reaction-induced byproduct has a length smaller than a length of each of the one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances;
during flowing the amount of water through the fixed bed filter, via a hydrophilic film surrounding the zero-valent iron particles, adsorbing an amount of the one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances of the oxidation-reaction-induced byproduct; and
during flowing the amount of water through the fixed bed filter, via the zero-valent iron particles and the clay particles, adsorbing an amount of the one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances of the oxidation-reaction-induced byproduct,
wherein the zero-valent iron particles, the clay particles, and the sand particles synergistically remove the one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances from the water.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition includes at most 5% (v/v) zero-valent iron particles.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition includes approximately 4% (v/v) clay particles.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition includes approximately 91% (v/v) sand particles.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition includes at most 5% (v/v) zero-valent iron particles, approximately 4% (v/v) clay particles, and approximately 91% (v/v) sand particles.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the zero-valent iron particles are in a powder format.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances is selected from the group consisting of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid.