Tagging agents, anti-scalant polymer compositions, and methods

1. A polymer composition comprising:

a copolymer comprising—

(i) a first monomer selected from the group consisting of (a) a compound of Formula (I), (b) a compound of Formula (II), (c) a compound or isomer of Formula (III), and (d) a compound or isomer of Formula (IV), wherein the first monomer is a tagging monomer, and

(ii) at least one second monomer comprising at least one polymerizable double bond or at least one polymerizable triple bond, wherein the at least one second monomer is a scale-inhibiting monomer;

wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 , R 38 , R 39 , R 40 , R 41 , R 42 , R 43 , and R 44 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkenoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkynoxy, —N(R′)(R″), C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, and C 4 -C 14 aryl,

wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl,

wherein R 9 , R 10 , R 31 and R 32 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and C 1 -C 6 alkenyl,

wherein y is a single bond or a double bond, and

wherein z is a single bond or a double bond;

wherein the isomers of Formula (III) comprise a compound of Formula (Illi), a compound of Formula (IIIii), a compound of Formula (IIIiii), or a combination thereof —

and

wherein the isomers of Formula (IV) comprise a compound of Formula (IVi), a compound of Formula (IVii), a compound of Formula (IViii), or a combination thereof—

2. The polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein the first monomer is present in the copolymer at an amount of about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight, based on the weight of the copolymer.

3. The polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein (a) the first monomer comprises the compound of Formula (I), wherein:

(i) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 are hydrogen, R 3 and R 6 are hydroxyl, R 9 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof —

or

(ii) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are hydrogen, R 3 and R 6 are hydroxyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-dihydroxy-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or

(b) the first monomer is the compound of Formula (II), the compound or isomer of Formula (III), or the compound or isomer of Formula (IV), wherein:

(i) R 11 , R 12 , R 14 , R 15 , R 17 , and R 18 are hydrogen, R 13 and R 16 are hydroxyl, and the first monomer is 9-methylene-9H-xanthene-3,6-diol, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof —

or

(ii) R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 are hydrogen, R 22 and R 27 are hydroxyl, R 31 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, z is a double bond, R 32 is hydrogen, and the first monomer is 3,11-dihydroxy-3′-methyl-5′H-spiro[dibenzo[c,h]xanthene-7,2′-furan]-5′-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or

(iii) R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 37 , R 38 , R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , R 43 , and R 44 , are hydrogen, R 36 and R 41 are hydroxyl, and the compound is 7-methylene-7H-dibenzo[c,h]xanthene-3,11-diol, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof —

4. The polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein the first monomer is the compound of Formula (I) or the compound of Formula (II), wherein:

(i) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 are hydrogen, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, R 9 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-3-methyl-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or

(ii) R 11 , R 12 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 18 are hydrogen, R 13 and R 16 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, and the first monomer is N 3 , N 3 , N 6 , N 6 -tetraethyl-9-methylene-9H-xanthene-3,6-diamine, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof:

or

(iii) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are hydrogen, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or

(iv) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 are hydrogen, R 9 and R 10 are unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or

(v) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 10 are hydrogen, R 9 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkenyl, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, y is a single bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-3-methylene-3,4-dihydro-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

5. The polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein the at least one second monomer comprises (i) sodium allyl sulfonate and at least one of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, or acrylic acid, or (ii) a compound of Formula (V):

wherein R 45 and R 46 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl.

6. A method for preventing or reducing scale formation, the method comprising:

providing a system comprising a fluid in circulation, wherein the fluid comprises a polymer composition of claim 1 ;

measuring with an analytical technique an amount of the first monomer in the system or the fluid to determine an amount of the polymer composition in the system or the fluid, wherein the measuring is performed periodically or continuously; and

optionally (i) adding an additional amount of the polymer composition to the system or the fluid if the amount of the polymer composition in the system or the fluid is less than a predetermined value, or (ii) removing a portion of the polymer composition from the system or the fluid if the amount of the polymer composition in the system or the fluid is greater than the predetermined value.

7. A compound or isomer of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), or Formula (IV):

wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 , R 38 , R 39 , R 40 , R 41 , R 42 , R 43 , and R 44 independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkenoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkynoxy, —N(R′)(R″), C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, and C 4 -C 14 aryl;

wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

wherein R 9 , R 10 , R 31 and R 32 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and C 1 -C 6 alkenyl;

wherein y is a single bond or a double bond;

wherein z is a single bond or a double bond;

wherein the following compounds are excluded—

(i) 3′,6′-dihydroxy-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one —

and

(ii) 9-methylene-9H-xanthene-3,6-diol—

wherein the isomers of Formula (III) comprise a compound of Formula (IIIi), a compound of Formula (IIIii), a compound of Formula (IIIiii), or a combination thereof —

and

wherein the isomers of Formula (IV) comprise a compound of Formula (IVi), a compound of Formula (IVii), a compound of Formula (IViii), or a combination thereof—

8. The compound of claim 7 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 10 are hydrogen, R 3 and R 6 re hydroxyl, R 9 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the compound is 3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

9. The compound of claim 7 , wherein:

(i) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 10 are hydrogen, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, R 9 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-3-methyl-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or

(ii) R 11 , R 12 , R 14 , R 15 , R 17 , and R 18 are hydrogen, R 13 and R 16 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, and the first monomer is N 3 , N 3 , N 6 , N 6 -tetraethyl-9-methylene-9H-xanthene-3,6-diamine, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof —

or

(iii) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are hydrogen, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or (v) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 are hydrogen, R 9 and R 10 are unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, y is a double bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

or

(vi) R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 10 are hydrogen, R 9 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkenyl, R 3 and R 6 are —N(R′)(R″), R′ and R″ are unsubstituted C 2 alkyl, y is a single bond, and the first monomer is 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-3-methylene-3,4-dihydro-5H-spiro[furan-2,9′-xanthen]-5-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

10. The compound of claim 7 , wherein:

(i) R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 37 , R 38 , R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , R 43 , and R 44 are hydrogen, R 36 and R 41 are hydroxyl, and the compound is 7-methylene-7H-dibenzo[c,h]xanthene-3,1 1-diol, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof —

or

(ii) R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 28 , R 29 , and R 30 are hydrogen, R 22 and R 27 are hydroxyl, R 31 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, z is a double bond, R 32 is hydrogen, and the compound is 3,11-dihydroxy-3′-methyl-5′H-spiro[dibenzo[c, h[xanthene-7,2′-furan[-5′-one, a salt, a hydrate, a salt hydrate, a stereoisomer, a dehydrate, a tautomer, or a derivative thereof—

11. A method for forming a condensation product comprising a compound of claim 7 , the method comprising:

contacting an aryl alcohol, a condensation catalyst, and a compound according to formula (A) to form the condensation product;

wherein R 50 and R 51 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, and

x is a single bond or double bond.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the contacting of the aryl alcohol, the condensation catalyst, and the compound occurs at a temperature of about 50° C. to about 150° C.

13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:

contacting the condensation product with at least one second monomer to form a copolymer;

wherein the at least one second monomer comprises a polymerizable double bond or a polymerizable triple bond, and

wherein the at least one condensation product is present in the copolymer at an amount of about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight, based on the weight of the copolymer.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one second monomer comprises:

(i) sodium allyl sulfonate and at least one of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, or acrylic acid, or

(ii) a compound of Formula (V)—

wherein R 45 and R 46 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein:

(i) R 50 is an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, x is a double bond, R 51 is hydrogen, and the compound of Formula (A) is 3-methylfuran-2,5-dione—

or

(ii) R 50 and R 51 are hydrogen, x is a double bond, and the compound of Formula (A) is furan-2,5-dione—

or

(iii) R 50 is hydrogen, x is a single bond, R 51 is an unsubstituted C 1 -alkenyl, and the compound of Formula (A) is 3-methylenedihydrofuran-2,5-dione—

or

(iv) R 50 and R 51 are an unsubstituted C 1 alkyl, x is a double bond, and the compound of Formula (A) is 3,4-dimethylfuran-2,5-dione—

or

(v) R 50 is hydrogen, x is a single bond, R 51 is an unsubstituted C 3 -alk-1-enyl, and the compound of Formula (A) is 3-allyldihydrofuran-2,5-dione—