Polymeric composites with tunable properties
A variety of polymeric composites with tunable mechanical stiffness and electrical conductivity are claimed herein. For example, the composite may have an elastomeric matrix, a plurality of tunable particles, and a plurality of conductive fibers embedded in the matrix. The composites may also be a tunable foam matrix and an elastomeric matrix. In some embodiments, the composites are a low melting point alloy (LMPA) foam infiltrated by an elastomer, whose stiffness can be tuned by more than two orders of magnitude through external heating. In other embodiments, the composite may be a conductive particle-fiber-matrix three-component composite capable of changing its elastic rigidity rapidly and reversibly when powered with electrical current.
1. A composite material having a tunable stiffness, comprising:
an elastomeric matrix having an elastic modulus between 10 kPa and 1 MPa;
a metallic component combined with the matrix, wherein the metallic component comprises a plurality of metal alloy particles having a diameter between 5 and 50 micrometers and a melting point that is above room temperature and no more than 62 degrees Celsius;
a plurality of conductive fibers combined with the matrix and forming a percolative network with the metallic component; and
wherein the composite material has a first Young's modulus at room temperature and a second Young's modulus when heated above the melting point of the plurality of metal alloy particles by an application of electrical energy to the composite material such that a ratio of the first Young's modulus to the second Young's modulus is between 4.33 and 5.05 inclusively.
2. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises Field's metal.
3. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of conductive fibers are formed from nickel coated carbon fibers.
4. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the elastomeric matrix is polydimethylsiloxane.
5. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the elastomeric matrix comprises an elastomeric foam.
6. The composite material of claim 5 , wherein the metallic component comprises a metallic foam.
7. The composite material of claim 6 , wherein the elastomeric foam and the metallic foam form a bicontinuous network.
8. The composite material of claim 7 , wherein the elastomeric foam is formed from polydimethylsiloxane.
9. The composite material of claim 8 , wherein the metallic foam comprises includes a bismuth alloy.
10. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the elastomeric matrix is present in a volume fraction of between 45 and 60 percent, the metallic component is present in a volume fraction of between 29 and 45.9 percent, and the plurality of conductive fibers are present in a volume fraction of between 8.2 and 11.4 percent.