Calcium-metal alloy anode materials for reversible calcium-ion batteries
Calcium ion batteries are provided. The calcium ion batteries include a cathode, an alloying anode composed of one or more intermetallic calcium compounds in electrical communication with the cathode; and an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. The intermetallic calcium compounds are intermetallic compounds of calcium and transition metals and metalloids.
1. A calcium ion battery comprising:
an anode comprising an intermetallic compound of calcium and a metal or metalloid, wherein the metal or metalloid is antimony, arsenic, copper, cadmium, bismuth, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, or CdCu 2 ;
a cathode in electrical communication with the anode; and
an electrolyte comprising a calcium salt disposed between the anode and the cathode.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the intermetallic compound is an intermetallic compound of calcium and a pnictogen selected from the group consisting of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.
3. The battery of claim 2 , wherein the pnictogen is arsenic.
4. The battery of claim 2 , wherein the pnictogen is antimony.
5. The battery of claim 2 , wherein the pnictogen is bismuth.
6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the intermetallic compound is an intermetallic compound of calcium and a transition metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, gold, copper, cadmium, gold, and mercury.
7. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the transition metal is a noble metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, gold, and silver.
8. The battery of claim 7 , wherein the noble metal is palladium.
9. The battery of claim 7 , wherein the noble metal is platinum.
10. The battery of claim 7 , wherein the noble metal is gold.
11. The battery of claim 7 , wherein the noble metal is silver.
12. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the transition metal is copper.
13. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the transition metal is cadmium.
14. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the intermetallic compound is an intermetallic compound of calcium and CdCu 2 .