Systems and methods for immersion cooling with subcooled spray
A thermal management system for cooling electronics includes an immersion tank, a working fluid in the immersion tank, a heat exchanger, a first fluid conduit, and a second fluid conduit. The heat exchanger is configured to transfer thermal energy from the working fluid to ambient air to cool the working fluid. The first fluid conduit provides fluid communication from the immersion tank to the heat exchanger, and the second fluid conduit provides fluid communication from the heat exchanger to a spray nozzle to spray working fluid into the immersion tank.
1. A thermal management system comprising:
an immersion tank;
a working fluid at least partially positioned in the immersion tank, wherein the working fluid provides an immersion bath configured to have a heat-generating component at least partially immersed therein;
a heat exchanger configured to transfer thermal energy from the working fluid to ambient air to cool the working fluid;
a first fluid conduit providing fluid communication from the immersion tank to the heat exchanger; and
a second fluid conduit providing fluid communication from the heat exchanger to a spray nozzle to spray working fluid into a headspace of the immersion tank above the immersion bath, the spray of working fluid configured to condense at least a portion of a vapor phase of the working fluid into the immersion bath.
2. The thermal management system of claim 1 , further comprising at least one heat-generating component positioned at least partially in the immersion bath of liquid working fluid in the immersion tank.
3. The thermal management system of claim 1 , further comprising a vapor working fluid positioned in the headspace of the immersion tank above the immersion bath of liquid working fluid in the immersion tank.
4. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger is configured to lower a temperature of the working fluid by at least 4° C.
5. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the first fluid conduit is coupled to the immersion tank to provide fluid communication with the immersion bath of liquid working fluid in the immersion tank and draw liquid working fluid from the immersion bath.
6. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the spray nozzle distributes liquid working fluid in droplets having an average droplet size less than 1 mm in diameter.
7. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the working fluid has a boiling temperature less than 60° C.
8. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the spray nozzle is positioned on a side of the immersion tank.
9. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the spray nozzle is positioned on a top surface of the immersion tank.
10. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger includes a plurality of heat pipes.
11. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger includes a thermal transfer coil.
12. The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the heat exchanger includes a fan configured to flow air through the heat exchanger.
13. The thermal management system of claim 1 , further comprising a fluid pump positioned in-line in the first fluid conduit or the second fluid conduit.
14. A thermal management system comprising:
an immersion tank;
a working fluid at least partially positioned in the immersion tank, wherein the working fluid provides an immersion bath configured to have a heat-generating component at least partially immersed therein;
a heat exchanger configured to transfer thermal energy from the working fluid to ambient air to cool the working fluid;
a first fluid conduit providing fluid communication from the immersion tank to the heat exchanger;
a second fluid conduit providing fluid communication from the heat exchanger to a spray nozzle to spray working fluid into the immersion tank, wherein the spray nozzle is positioned on a side of the immersion tank, and wherein the spray of working fluid is configured to condense at least a portion of a vapor phase of the working fluid into the immersion bath;
at least one sensor to measure a temperature of the working fluid;
a fan configured to flow air through the heat exchanger;
a fluid pump positioned in-line in the first fluid conduit or the second fluid conduit; and
a logic controller in data communication with the at least one sensor and with the fan and the fluid pump to adjust the fan or fluid pump in response to a measured temperature of the working fluid.
15. A method of thermal management for heat-generating components with the thermal management system of claim 1 , the method comprising:
receiving thermal energy from heat-generating components with the liquid working fluid in the immersion bath in the immersion tank, the liquid working fluid of the immersion bath contacting the heat-generation components;
vaporizing the liquid working fluid into a vapor working fluid located in the headspace above the immersion bath;
spraying a portion of the liquid working fluid into the headspace as a plurality of droplets; and
condensing at least a portion of the vapor working fluid with the plurality of droplets.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising cooling the portion of the liquid working fluid with a heat-exchanger outside of the immersion tank.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein a temperature difference between the plurality of droplets and the vapor working fluid is at least 4° C.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
measuring a temperature of the immersion bath; and
adjusting a temperature difference between the plurality of droplets and the vapor working fluid based on the temperature of the immersion bath.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein adjusting the temperature difference includes changing a fan speed of a heat exchanger.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein adjusting the temperature difference includes changing a flowrate of liquid working fluid through a heat exchanger.