Flexible sleeve for bone fixation, and related systems and methods

1. A system for bone fixation, comprising:

a bone screw having a head and a shaft extending from the head toward a distal end of the bone screw in a distal direction, wherein the head defines a tapered portion that narrows in the distal direction;

a sleeve that is flexible and constructed of textile material, the sleeve defining a longitudinal axis and a proximal end and a distal end opposite each other along the longitudinal axis, the sleeve defining a guide channel that extends from a proximal opening at the proximal end to a distal opening at the distal end, wherein the sleeve further comprises an introduction member at the proximal end, the introduction member extending annularly around the guide channel and defining the proximal opening;

an attachment ring located at the distal end of the sleeve and configured to couple the distal end of the sleeve to the tapered portion of the bone screw, the attachment ring extending annularly around the guide channel, wherein the attachment ring is configured to expand responsive to a predetermined tensile force applied to the sleeve for decoupling the sleeve from the bone screw; and

an extension member elongate along a longitudinal direction, wherein the extension member is configured to advance through the guide channel in the distal direction from the proximal opening and couple to the head of the bone screw,

wherein the introduction member defines an inner diameter that is greater than a maximum cross-sectional dimension of the extension member measured along a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the extension member has a main portion, an anchor head that defines a distal end of the extension member, and a frangible portion interposed between the main portion and the anchor head, wherein:

the anchor head defines 1) a chamfer surface that extends to the distal end of the extension member for facilitating advancement of the extension member through the guide channel, and 2) a receptacle configured to receive the head of the bone screw for coupling the anchor head to the head of the bone screw, and

the frangible portion is configured to break responsive to a predetermined force, thereby separating the main portion from the anchor head.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein:

the anchor head defines:

an interior surface that defines a bore extending along a central bore axis that extends along the longitudinal direction, wherein the interior surface defines the receptacle; and

a transverse channel that extends along a transverse direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, the transverse channel configured to receive a spinal rod; and

the system further comprises:

a retention member configured to reside within the receptacle, the retention member having an inner surface configured to engage the head of the bone screw and an exterior surface configured to engage the interior surface of the anchor head in a manner maintaining connection between the anchor head and the head of the bone screw; and

a locking cap configured to reside in the bore at a proximal end of the anchor head, the locking cap having a locking formation configured to engage a complimentary locking formation defined by the interior surface of the anchor head so as to lock the spinal rod in the transverse channel.

4. The system of claim 3 , further comprising:

a first driver configured to engage a socket defined in the head of the bone screw for driving the bone screw into bone; and

a second driver configured to advance the extension member through the guide channel and couple the anchor head to the head of the bone screw, the second driver further configured to apply the predetermined force to the extension member for breaking the frangible portion and separating the main portion from the anchor head.

5. A method for securing a bone screw to bone, comprising:

attaching a flexible sleeve to a head of a bone screw such that the sleeve extends proximally from the bone screw, wherein the attaching step comprises advancing the bone screw through a guide channel defined by the sleeve until a distal surface of the head contacts an attachment ring at a distal end of the sleeve, wherein the attachment ring defines an inner diameter that is less than a maximum diameter of the head;

inserting a driver into a socket defined by the head of the bone screw, wherein the driver is disposed in the guide channel of the sleeve while the driver resides in the socket;

advancing the bone screw through soft tissue to a fixation site of the bone;

rotating the driver about a central axis, thereby driving a shaft of the bone screw into the fixation site, wherein the sleeve extends through the soft tissue and a proximal end of the sleeve is located ex vivo;

inserting an extension member from the proximal end of the sleeve ex vivo and advancing the extension member distally through the guide channel until the head of the bone screw resides in a receptacle defined within an anchor head at a distal end of the extension member; and

after inserting the extension member, applying a tensile force to the sleeve, thereby expanding the attachment ring for decoupling the sleeve from the bone screw.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the anchor head is configured to angulate polyaxially relative to the head of the bone screw.

7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising:

inserting a spinal rod within a channel defined by the anchor head, wherein the channel extends from opposite sides of the anchor head along a direction substantially perpendicular to the central axis; and

advancing a locking member through the guide channel to the anchor head and coupling the locking member to a proximal portion of the anchor head, wherein coupling the locking member affixes the spinal rod to the anchor head.

8. The method of claim 5 , further comprising:

breaking a frangible portion of the extension member located longitudinally between the anchor head and a pair of extension tabs, wherein the extension tabs extend to a proximal end of the extension member, and the frangible portion is broken while at least a portion of the extension tabs resides within the guide channel of the sleeve; and

removing the extension tabs and the sleeve in unison from the soft tissue.