Ion-conductive organic networks for battery applications
An anode includes: (1) a current collector; and (2) an interfacial layer disposed over the current collector. The interfacial layer includes an ion-conductive organic network including anionic coordination units, organic linkers bonded through the anionic coordination units, and counterions dispersed in the ion-conductive organic network.
1. An anode comprising:
a current collector; and
an interfacial layer disposed over the current collector,
wherein the interfacial layer includes an ion-conductive organic network including anionic coordination units, organic linkers bonded through the anionic coordination units, and counterions dispersed in the ion-conductive organic network.
2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein each of the anionic coordination units includes a metal cation.
3. The anode of claim 2 , wherein each of the anionic coordination units further includes a plurality of non-metal anions bonded to the metal cation.
4. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the anionic coordination units include multiple sub-populations of anionic coordination units, and the multiple sub-populations of anionic coordination units include respective and different metal cations.
5. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the counterions include lithium cations, sodium cations, calcium cations, or magnesium cations.
6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the counterions is at least about 0.1% by weight relative to a total weight of the ion-conductive organic network.
7. The anode of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the counterions is at least about 1% by weight relative to a total weight of the ion-conductive organic network.
8. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising an anode material disposed between the current collector and the interfacial layer.
9. The anode of claim 8 , wherein the anode material is lithium metal, sodium metal, calcium metal, or magnesium metal.
10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein each of the organic linkers is a linear chain.
11. The anode of claim 10 , wherein the linear chain is a polyalkylene oxide chain, a fluorinated polyalkylene oxide chain, a hydrocarbon chain, a fluorinated hydrocarbon chain, a polysiloxane chain, a polybutyldiene chain, or a polyisoprene chain.
12. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the interfacial layer has an ionic conductivity of at least about 10 −6 S/cm.
13. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the interfacial layer has a lithium transference number of at least about 0.5.
14. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the interfacial layer includes multiple sub-layers, and at least one of the sub-layers includes the ion-conductive organic network.
15. A battery comprising:
the anode of claim 1 ;
a cathode; and
an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode.
16. A battery comprising:
an anode;
a cathode; and
a solid electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode,
wherein the solid electrolyte includes an ion-conductive organic network including anionic coordination units and organic linkers bonded through the anionic coordination units.
17. The battery of claim 16 , wherein each of the anionic coordination units includes a metal cation and a plurality of non-metal anions bonded to the metal cation.
18. The battery of claim 16 , wherein the ion-conductive organic network further includes counterions dispersed in the ion-conductive organic network, wherein the counterions include lithium cations, sodium cations, calcium cations, or magnesium cations, and wherein a concentration of the counterions is at least about 0.1% by weight relative to a total weight of the ion-conductive organic network.
19. The battery of claim 16 , wherein each of the organic linkers includes a cyclic hydrocarbon moiety.
20. The battery of claim 19 , wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon moiety is saturated or unsaturated.