Analyte sensing device
Sensors for detecting analytes are disclosed. In various implementations, the sensing device may include a substrate and a sensor array. The sensor array may be arranged on the substrate, and may include a plurality of sensors. In some implementations, at least two of the sensors may include a first carbon-based sensing material disposed between a first pair of electrodes, and a second carbon-based sensing material disposed between a second pair of electrodes. The first carbon-based sensing material may be configured to detect a presence of each analyte of a group of analytes, and the second carbon-based sensing material may be configured to confirm the presence of each analyte of a subset of the group of analytes. In some instances, the group of analytes includes at least twice as many different analytes as the subset of analytes.
1. A sensing device for detecting analytes, comprising:
a substrate; and
a sensor array arranged on the substrate and including a plurality of carbon-based sensors, wherein:
a first carbon-based sensor is disposed between a first pair of electrodes, and is configured to detect a presence of each analyte of a first group of analytes;
a second carbon-based sensor is disposed between a second pair of electrodes, and is configured to detect a presence of each analyte of a second group of analytes, wherein the second group of analytes is a subset of the first group of analytes; and
the substrate and the sensor array are intergrated within a label comprising one or more carbon-based inks find configured to be removably printed onto a surface of a package or container.
2. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the first group of analytes includes at least twice as many different analytes as the second group of analytes.
3. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises paper or a flexible polymer.
4. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the first and second carbon-based sensors comprises different carbon-based inks printed on the substrate.
5. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the pairs of electrodes comprise an ohmic-based ink printed on the substrate.
6. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the sensing device is coupled to a scale and is configured to detect analytes in a package or container disposed on the scale.
7. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the sensing device is coupled to a vehicle and is configured to detect analytes in the vehicle.
8. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the first and second carbon-based sensors are stacked on top of one another in a vertical arrangement.
9. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the first and second carbon-based sensors are disposed next to one another.
10. The sensing device of claim 1 , further comprising one or more channels disposed between the first and second carbon-based sensors, each of the channels configured to transport electrons between a respective pair of electrodes.
11. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the first carbon-based sensor is functionalized with a first material configured to react with each analyte of the first group of analytes, and the second carbon-based sensor is functionalized with a second material configured to react only with the analytes of the second group of analytes.
12. The sensing device of claim 11 , wherein:
the first material comprises cobalt-decorated carbon nano-onions (CNOs) configured to detect a presence of one or more of triacetone triperoxide (TATP), toluene, ammonia, or hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S); and
the second material comprises iron-decorated three-dimensional (3D) graphene-inclusive structures configured to confirm the presence of toluene.
13. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first carbon-based sensor is configured to generate a first output signal in response to detecting the presence of one or more analytes of the first group of analytes; and
the second carbon-based sensor is configured to generate a second output signal in response to confirming the presence of the one or more analytes detected by the first carbon-based sensor.
14. The sensing device of claim 13 , wherein the first and second output signals are currents.
15. The sensing device of claim 14 , wherein the currents of the first and second output signals are based at least in part on an alternating current applied to the first and second carbon-based sensors.
16. The sensing device of claim 15 , wherein:
a ratio of the current of the first output signal and the alternating current is indicative of a concentration of at least one of the detected analytes; and
a ratio of the current of the second output signal and the alternating current is indicative of a concentration of at least one of the confirmed analytes.
17. The sensing device of claim 13 , wherein the first and second output signals are impedances.
18. The sensing device of claim 17 , wherein the first output signal indicates a change in impedance of the first carbon-based sensor caused by exposure to one or more analytes of the first group of analytes, and the second output signal indicates a change in impedance of the second carbon-based sensor caused by exposure to one or more analytes of the second group of analytes.
19. The sensing device of claim 13 , wherein the first and second output signals indicate frequency responses of the first and second carbon-based sensors, respectively, and:
the frequency response of the first carbon-based sensor is indicative of the presence or absence of each analyte of the first group of analytes; and
the frequency response of the second carbon-based sensor is indicative of the presence or absence of each analyte of the second group of analytes.
20. The sensing device of claim 19 , wherein the frequency responses are based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensing or resonant impedance spectroscopy (RIS) sensing.
21. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein each of the carbon-based sensors comprises a plurality of different graphene allotropes.
22. The sensing device of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of different graphene allotropes of a respective carbon-based sensor includes one or more microporous pathways or mesoporous pathways.
23. The sensing device of claim 21 , wherein each of the carbon-based sensors includes a polymer configured to bind the plurality of different graphene allotropes to one another.
24. The sensing device of claim 23 , wherein the polymer comprises humectants configured to reduce a susceptibility of a respective carbon-based sensor to humidity.
25. The sensing device of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of different graphene allotropes includes at least one of graphene flakes or carbon nano-onions (CNOs).