Implantable devices using 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes)
An electrode, the electrode including an exposed contact surface, the exposed surface comprising a contact material, the contact material comprising a MXene. A device, the device including a plurality of electrodes, each of the plurality of electrodes comprising an exposed contact surface, the exposed surface comprising a contact material, the contact material comprising a MXene. A method, the method including delivering electrical stimulation to a subject with an electrode that comprises an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material that includes a MXene.
1. An electrode, comprising:
an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material, the contact material comprising a MXene, and
the electrode being configured to monitor a signal related to neural activity, muscular activity, cardiac activity, or combinations thereof.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein a width of the exposed contact surface is less than 100 um across.
3. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein a width of the exposed contact surface is less than 10 um across.
4. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the exposed contact surface is shaped to penetrate a single neural fiber.
5. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is at least 40% transparent to light with a wavelength of 400 nm, as measured perpendicular to the exposed contact surface.
6. The electrode of claim 5 , wherein the electrode is at least 90% transparent to light with a wavelength of 400 nm, as measured perpendicular to the exposed contact surface.
7. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the contact material further comprises a conductive polymer.
8. The electrode of claim 7 , wherein the conductive polymer is a polythiophene.
9. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is incorporated into a device configured to monitor signals related to neural activity, muscular activity, cardiac activity, or combinations thereof.
10. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is characterized as having an impedance at 1 kHz of less than about 60 kilo-ohms.
11. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is characterized as having an impedance, at 1 kHz, that is at least 40% less than impedance of a comparable electrode, where the comparable electrode has a contact surface of the same size and shape of the exposed contact surface of the electrode, and where the contact surface of the comparable electrode consists of gold.
12. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is characterized as having a standard deviation of background noise of less than about 5 μVrms when operating in neural spike band of frequencies.
13. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is characterized as having an average 60 Hz noise peak magnitude in a normalized power spectral density of less than about 1×10 −1 .
14. A device, comprising: a plurality of electrodes, each of the plurality of electrodes comprising an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material, the contact material comprising a MXene.
15. A method, comprising: implanting into a subject a device that comprises an electrode that comprises an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material that comprises a MXene.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the device comprises a plurality of electrodes each electrode comprising an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material, the contact material comprising a MXene.
17. A method, comprising: collecting a physiological signal from a subject with at least one electrode that comprises an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material that comprises a MXene.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising collecting physiological signals from a plurality of locations within the subject with a plurality of electrodes, each electrode comprising an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material that comprises a MXene.
19. A method, comprising: delivering electrical stimulation to a subject with an electrode that comprises an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material that comprises a MXene.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the delivering is performed with a plurality of electrodes, each electrode comprising an exposed contact surface, the exposed contact surface comprising a contact material, the contact material comprising a MXene.