Systems and methods of making carbon particles with thermal transfer gas

1. A method of making carbon particles, comprising:

(a) preheating a thermal transfer gas by resistive heating, thereby obtaining a preheated thermal transfer gas;

(b) in a reactor, heating the preheated thermal transfer gas with a plasma heater, thereby obtaining a heated thermal transfer gas; and

(c) in the reactor, contacting the heated thermal transfer gas with a hydrocarbon feedstock to generate the carbon particles and hydrogen gas.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resistive heating comprises using one or more resistive heating elements selected from the group consisting of graphite, tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, boron nitride, nickel, chromium, iron, and alloys thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: (d) supplying greater than or equal to about 750 kW of power to one or more resistive heating elements that provide the resistive heating.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting is at (i) a thermal transfer gas flowrate greater than or equal to about 500 Nm 3 /hr (normal cubic meter/hour), or (ii) a hydrocarbon feedstock flowrate greater than or equal to about 675 Nm 3 /hr.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon feedstock comprises (i) at least about 70% by weight methane, ethane, propane, or mixtures thereof, or (ii) one or more aromatic hydrocarbons, one or more unsaturated hydrocarbons, one or more oxygenated hydrocarbons, or any combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon feedstock comprises methane, ethane, propane, butane, benzene, toluene, xylene, methyl naphthalene, pyrolysis fuel oil, coal tar, coal, heavy oil, oil, bio-oil, bio-diesel, biologically derived hydrocarbon, ethylene, acetylene, butadiene, styrene, ethanol, methanol, propanol, phenol, ketones, ethers, esters, or any combination thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein more than about 90% of the hydrocarbon feedstock is converted into carbon particles on a weight percent carbon basis.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein (i) the hydrocarbon feedstock is pre-heated from a first temperature to a second temperature before coming into contact with the heated thermal transfer gas, and wherein the second temperature is between about 100° C. and about 800° C., or (ii) the thermal transfer gas is heated via a heat exchanger prior to the resistive heating.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermal transfer gas comprises.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the thermal transfer gas comprises greater than about 60% hydrogen.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein more than about 60% of the heat contained in the heated thermal transfer gas is transferred to the hydrocarbon feedstock within about 2 seconds of initial exposure to the heated thermal transfer gas.

12. A method of making carbon particles, comprising:

(a) preheating a thermal transfer gas with aid of resistive heating, thereby obtaining a preheated thermal transfer gas;

(b) in a reactor, heating the preheated thermal transfer gas with a plasma heater, thereby obtaining a heated thermal transfer gas; and

(c) in the reactor, mixing the heated thermal transfer gas with a hydrocarbon feedstock to generate the carbon particles.

13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising, in (c), mixing the heated thermal transfer gas with the hydrocarbon feedstock downstream of the resistive heating.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the carbon particles comprise carbon black.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the carbon black has a surface area greater than about 20 square meters per gram (m 2 /g).

16. The method of claim 12 , further comprising (i) in the reactor, heating the preheated thermal transfer gas to at least about 2,000° C., (ii) heating the preheated thermal transfer gas in an oxygen free environment, or (iii) a combination thereof.

17. The method of claim 12 , further comprising further heating the preheated thermal transfer gas with aid of an electric arc based plasma heating downstream of the resistive heating.