Display apparatus having transmission area and pixel area, and method of manufacturing the same

1. A display apparatus comprising:

a substrate including:

a display area including a transmission area and a pixel area; and

a peripheral area adjacent to the display area;

a display element disposed corresponding to the pixel area, the display element comprising:

a pixel electrode;

an intermediate layer on the pixel electrode; and

an opposite electrode on the intermediate layer;

a hydrophobic layer disposed corresponding to the transmission area; and

a plurality of fine particles disposed directly on a top surface of the hydrophobic layer, the plurality of fine particles and the opposite electrode comprising a same material.

2. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic layer comprises a fluorine-based molecule including at least one —CF 3 group at an end.

3. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein

the intermediate layer comprises:

an emission layer on the pixel electrode; and

an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer, the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer being disposed between the emission layer and the opposite electrode, and

the hydrophobic layer is disposed directly on the electron transport layer.

4. The display apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the electron injection layer comprises a metal material.

5. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein

the intermediate layer comprises:

an emission layer on the pixel electrode; and

an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer, the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer being disposed between the emission layer and the opposite electrode, and

the hydrophobic layer is disposed directly on the electron transport layer.

6. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of fine particles has a diameter in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.

7. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein, in a same area, a volume ratio of the plurality of fine particles is about 30% or less of a volume ratio of the opposite electrode.

8. The display apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a capping layer disposed on the opposite electrode corresponding to the display area.

9. The display apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the capping layer includes an opening corresponding to the transmission area.

10. The display apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a thin-film encapsulation layer disposed on the capping layer, the thin-film encapsulation layer comprising at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer,

wherein the at least one inorganic encapsulation layer directly contacts the plurality of fine particles and corresponds to the transmission area.

11. The display apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the capping layer has a refractive index in a range of about 1.7 to about 1.99.

12. The display apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising an optical functional layer disposed above the hydrophobic layer corresponding to the transmission area,

wherein the optical functional layer has a refractive index in a range of about 1.3 to about 1.6.

13. The display apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the optical functional layer directly contacts the plurality of fine particles.

14. The display apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the capping layer is disposed on the optical functional layer corresponding to the transmission area.

15. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the opposite electrode includes an opening corresponding to the transmission area.

16. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of fine particles have hydrophilicity.

17. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a surface energy of the hydrophobic layer is substantially equal to or less than 18mJ/m 2.

18. The display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein part of the fine particles physically contact each other.