Selective stator ground fault protection using positive-sequence voltage reference
Disclosed are systems and methods to determine a direction to a ground fault of an electrical generator or motor using a known steady-state standing error referenced to a positive-sequence voltage measurement to determine a system standing error and utilizing the system standing error to determine an operating current with anomalies attributable to a fault. A ground fault may be determined using zero-sequence voltage signals from the generator or motor installation. The operating current, along with the zero-sequence voltage, may be used to determine a direction to the fault. The generator or motor may be high-impedance grounded. The systems and methods further indicate the direction to a fault where multiple generators or motors are connected to a common bus.
1. A system for protecting an electric power generation installation in an electric power delivery system, comprising:
a protective device in electrical communication with a generator of the electric power generation installation, comprising:
a voltage sensor component to obtain a voltage signal corresponding with a voltage of the first generator of the electric power generation installation;
a current sensor component to quantify a measured current;
a processor; and
a computer-readable storage medium in communication with the processor, the voltage sensor component, and the current sensor component, comprising instructions that when operated cause the processor to:
calculate a pre-fault standing error current using a measured current and a measured reference positive-sequence voltage;
store the standing error reference on the computer-readable storage medium;
detect a ground fault using voltage signals from the voltage sensor component;
calculate an operating current by calculating a difference between the measured current and the pre-fault standing error current;
determine a direction to the ground fault based on the difference between the measured current and the pre-fault standing error current; and
implement a protective action based on the direction to the ground fault.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the standing error reference value is utilized each time the operating current is calculated.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the current sensor component comprises a windowed CT.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the windowed CT comprises a core-balanced windowed CT.
5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of current sensors to electrically couple to each of a plurality of phases.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the instructions of the computer-readable storage medium further cause the processor to utilize the reference current to determine a residual sensitive current by determining a deviation of the reference current resulting from the ground fault.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the instructions of the computer-readable storage medium further cause the processor to determine a direction to the fault as forward to the first generator only when a magnitude of the residual current exceeds a predetermined threshold.
8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a high-impedance grounding element.
9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a second protective device in electrical communication with a second generator of the generator installation, the first and second generators in electrical communication with a common generation bus.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the direction to the ground fault is further determined based on a comparison of the reference current and a measured neutral voltage.
11. A method for protecting an electric power generation installation in an electric power delivery system, comprising:
obtaining, using a voltage sensor component, a voltage signal proportional to a voltage of a generator of the electric power generation installation;
quantifying, using a current sensor component, a measured current;
calculating, using a processor, a pre-fault standing error current using a measured current and a measured reference positive-sequence voltage;
storing, using a computer-readable storage medium, the standing error reference;
detecting, using the voltage sensor component, a ground fault using voltage signals from the voltage sensor component;
obtaining, using a a measured current
calculating an operating current by calculating a difference between a measured current and the pre-fault standing error current;
determining a direction to the ground fault based on the difference between the measured current and the pre-fault standing error current; and
implementing, using a protective device, a protective action based on the direction to the ground fault.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising utilizing the standing error reference value utilized each time the reference current is calculated.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein current sensor component comprises a windowed CT.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the windowed CT comprises a core-balanced windowed CT.
15. The system of claim 11 , further comprising receiving measurements from a plurality of current sensors electrically coupled to each of a plurality of phases.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising utilizing the reference sensitive current to determine a residual current by determining a deviation of the reference current resulting from the ground fault.
17. The method of claim 11 , further comprising determining a direction to the fault as forward to the first generator only when a magnitude of the residual current exceeds a predetermined threshold.
18. The method of claim 11 , grounding the first generator with a high-impedance grounding element.
19. The method of claim 11 , further comprising providing a second protective device in electrical communication with a second generator of the generator installation, the first and second generators in electrical communication with a common generation bus.
20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the direction to the ground fault is further determined based on a comparison of the reference current and a measured neutral voltage.