Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
Textile compositions comprising at least one filamentous fungus are disclosed, as are methods for making and using such textile compositions. Embodiments of the textile compositions generally include at least one of a plasticizer, a polymer, and a crosslinker, in addition to the filamentous fungus. The disclosed textile compositions are particularly useful as analogs or substitutes for conventional textile compositions, including but not limited to leather.
1. A textile composition, comprising:
an inactivated fungal mycelial biomass;
a non-fungal textile backing;
a polymer; and
a plasticizer;
wherein:
the polymer comprises a biopolymer,
the polymer is infiltrated into the inactivated fungal biomass to a fungal biomass:polymer loading ratio of about 25:75 to about 75:25, and
the textile composition has a tensile strength of at least about 2 MPa.
2. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated fungal mycelial biomass is present in an amount of about 20 wt % to about 40 wt %.
3. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated fungal mycelial biomass is produced from a biomass that comprises a cohesive fungal biomass.
4. The textile composition of claim 3 , wherein the cohesive fungal biomass is produced by a solid substrate fermentation process.
5. The textile composition of claim 3 , wherein the cohesive fungal biomass is produced by a surface fermentation process or by a submerged solid surface fermentation process.
6. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein inactivated fungal mycelial biomass is produced from a biomass that comprises a fungal paste.
7. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated fungal mycelial biomass comprises at least one filamentous fungus belonging to an order selected from the group consisting of Ustilaginales, Russulales, Agaricales, Pezizales, Hypocreales, and combinations thereof.
8. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated fungal mycelial biomass comprises at least one filamentous fungus belonging to a family selected from the group consisting of Ustilaginaceae, Hericiaceae, Polyporaceae, Grifolaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Strophariaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Agaricaceae, Pleurotaceae, Physalacriaceae, Omphalotaceae, Tuberaceae, Morchellaceae, Sparassidaceae, Nectriaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and combinations thereof.
9. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated fungal mycelial biomass comprises at least one filamentous fungus belonging to a genus selected from the group consisting of Agaricus , Calocybe, Calvatia, Cordyceps , Disciotis, Fomes, Fusarium, Ganoderma , Grifola, Hericulum, Hypholoma, Hypsizygus , Morchella, Pholiota, Pleurotus , Polyporous, Sparassis, Stropharia, Tuber, Ustilago , and combinations thereof.
10. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated fungal mycelial biomass comprises at least one filamentous fungus selected from the group consisting of Ustilago esculenta, Hericulum erinaceus , Polyporous squamosus, Grifola fondosa, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Hypsizygus ulmarius , Calocybe gambosa, Pholiota nameko, Calvatia gigantea, Agaricus bisporus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Hypholoma lateritium, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbines, Tuber borchii, Morchella esculenta, Morchella conica , Morchella importuna, Sparassis crispa, Fusarium venenatum , MK7 (ATCC Accession Deposit No. PTA-10698), Disciotis venosa, Cordyceps militaris , and combinations thereof.
11. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is present in an amount of about 20 wt % to about 40 wt %.
12. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the biopolymer is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, chitin, chitosan, collagen, fibroin, hyaluronic acid, keratin, alginates, starches, and combinations thereof.
13. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer further comprises a synthetic polymer.
14. The textile composition of claim 13 , wherein the synthetic polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyethylene glycol, a polycaprolactone, a polyacrylic acid, hyaluronic acid, a polysiloxane, a polyphosphazene, a low-and/or high-density polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polyvinyl chloride, a polystyrene, a nylon, a polytetrafluoroethylene, a thermoplastic polyurethane, a polychlorotrifluoroethylene, a polycaprolactone, a polyacrylic acid, and combinations thereof.
15. The textile composition of claim 13 , wherein the synthetic polymer is polyvinyl alcohol.
16. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the plasticizer is present in an amount of about 30 wt % to about 50 wt %.
17. The textile composition of claim 1 , wherein the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, esters of glycerol, polyethylene glycol, citric acid, oleic acid, oleic acid polyols and esters thereof, mannitol, sorbitol, epoxidized triglyceride vegetable oils, castor oil, sulfated castor oil, beeswax, coconut oil, olive oil, linseed oil, oleic acid, sulfated fish oil, sulfated canola oil, soybean oil, palm oil, fatty acids, pentaerythritol, fatty acid esters, carboxylic ester-based plasticizers, trimellitates, adipates, sebacates, maleates, biological plasticizers, and combinations thereof.
18. The textile composition of claim 16 , wherein the plasticizer is glycerol.
19. A textile composition, comprising:
20 wt % to 40 wt % of an inactivated, size-reduced fungal mycelial biomass;
20 wt % to 40 wt % of a polymer comprising a biopolymer;
30 wt % to 50 wt % of a plasticizer; and
a non-fungal textile backing;
wherein
the textile composition has a tensile strength of at least about 2 MPa.
20. The textile composition of claim 19 , wherein:
the inactivated size-reduced fungal mycelial biomass comprises MK7 (ATCC Accession Deposit No. PTA 10698);
the polymer comprises a biopolymer and polyvinyl alcohol; and
the plasticizer comprises glycerol.
21. A textile composition, comprising:
an inactivated fungal biomass;
a plasticizer; and
a non-fungal textile backing;
wherein:
the plasticizer is distributed throughout the fungal biomass, and
the textile composition has a tensile strength of at least about 4.5 MPa and a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 30 mm.
22. The textile composition of claim 21 , further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of a polymer, a crosslinker, and a dye, wherein the at least one component is distributed throughout the fungal biomass.
23. The textile composition of claim 21 , wherein the thickness is about 0.5 mm to about 2.8 mm.
24. The textile composition of claim 21 , wherein the non-fungal textile backing is selected from the group consisting of an acrylic textile, an alpaca textile, an angora textile, a cashmere textile, a coir textile, a cotton textile, an eisengarn textile, a hemp textile, a jute textile, a Kevlar textile, a linen textile, a microfiber textile, a mohair textile, a nylon textile, an olefin textile, a pashmina textile, a polyester textile, a piña textile, a ramie textile, a rayon textile, a sea silk textile, a silk textile, a sisal textile, a spandex textile, a spider silk textile, a wool textile, and combinations thereof.
25. A composite fungal sheet, comprising an inactivated fungal biomass and a non-fungal textile material, wherein:
the inactivated fungal biomass comprises a synthetic polymer;
the inactivated fungal biomass and the non-fungal textile material are laminated together; and
the synthetic polymer in the inactivated fungal biomass has a loading ratio of at least about 25:75 and no more than about 75:25.
26. The composite fungal sheet of claim 25 , wherein the inactivated fungal biomass comprises an intact filamentous fungal biomat, size-reduced filamentous fungal particles, or a combination thereof.
27. The composite fungal sheet of claim 25 , wherein at least a portion of the inactivated fungal biomass is produced by a surface fermentation process, a submerged fermentation process, or a process for mycological biopolymer growth into a void space.
28. The composite fungal sheet of claim 25 , wherein the synthetic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, polyethylene glycol, alginates, starches, polycaprolactones, polyacrylic acids, hyaluronic acid, and combinations thereof.
29. The composite fungal sheet of claim 25 , further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal halide, a crosslinker, a deliming agent, a dye, a fatliquoring oil, a finishing oil, a finishing wax, a liming agent, nitrocellulose, a pH adjusting agent, a pickling agent, a pigment, a plasticizer, a solubilizer, a surfactant, a tanning agent, and a thermal dopant.
30. The composite fungal sheet of claim 25 , wherein the non-fungal textile material is selected from the group consisting of an acrylic textile, an alpaca textile, an angora textile, a cashmere textile, a coir textile, a cotton textile, an eisengarn textile, a hemp textile, a jute textile, a Kevlar textile, a linen textile, a microfiber textile, a mohair textile, a nylon textile, an olefin textile, a pashmina textile, a polyester textile, a piña textile, a ramie textile, a rayon textile, a sea silk textile, a silk textile, a sisal textile, a spandex textile, a spider silk textile, a wool textile, and combinations thereof.