Articles and methods for generation of tunable coloration and interference
The present invention generally relates to the generation of tunable coloration and/or interference from, for example, surfaces, emulsion droplets and particles. Embodiments described herein may be useful for generation of tunable electromagnetic radiation such as coloration (e.g., iridescence, structural color) and/or interference patterns from, for example, surfaces (e.g., comprising a plurality of microdomes and/or microwells), emulsion droplets and/or particles. In some embodiments, the surfaces, interfaces, droplets, and/or particles produce visible color (e.g., structural color) without the need for dyes.
1. An article, comprising:
a first component and a second component adjacent the first component; and a curved microscale interface between the first component and the second component, the interface configured such that at least a portion of electromagnetic radiation incident to a surface of the interface undergoes total internal reflection between the first component and the second component,
wherein the first component has a first refractive index greater than a second refractive index of the second component; and
wherein the electromagnetic radiation undergoes a change in amplitude during total internal reflection.
2. An article as in claim 1 , wherein the curved interface is concave relative to the incident electromagnetic radiation.
3. An article as in claim 1 , wherein stimulating the article produces a change in the electromagnetic radiation, different than a change in the electromagnetic radiation undergoing total internal reflection in the absence of the stimulation.
4. An article as in claim 3 , wherein the stimulation is selected from the group consisting of heat, cold, light, mechanical force, electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation, a magnetic field, an electric field, an analyte, a reaction, a change in concentration of an analyte, and combinations thereof.
5. An article as in claim 1 , wherein the first component or the second component comprises a fluid.
6. An article as in claim 1 , wherein the interface comprises a first geometric plane having a first orthogonal axis and a second geometric plane having a second orthogonal axis that intersects the first orthogonal axis.
7. An article as in claim 1 , wherein the interface has a defined radius of curvature.
8. An article as in claim 1 , wherein the first component comprises a polymer.
9. An article as in claim 1 , wherein the second component comprises a fluid.
10. The article of claim 1 , wherein the curved, microscale interface comprises a surface of a hemicylindrical structure or a hemispherical structure.
11. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article exhibits structural coloration due to the total internal reflection.
12. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article exhibits iridescence due to the total internal reflection.
13. The article of claim 1 , wherein the article exhibits optical interference due to the total internal reflection.
14. The article of claim 1 , wherein the curved, microscale interface exhibits a largest cross-sectional dimension of from 1 micron to 200 microns.
15. An article, comprising:
a plurality of domed structures formed on a substrate, the substrate comprising a first material;
a second component adjacent the plurality of domed structures and comprising a second material;
wherein the first material has a refractive index greater than a refractive index of the second material, such that incident electromagnetic radiation undergoes total internal reflection at a curved surface of each domed structure at a microscale interface between the first material and the second material.
16. The article of claim 15 , wherein the domed structures comprise hemicylindrical structures.
17. The article of claim 15 , wherein the domed structures comprise hemispherical structures.
18. The article of claim 15 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation undergoes a change in amplitude during total internal reflection.
19. The article of claim 15 , wherein the article exhibits structural coloration due to the total internal reflection.
20. The article of claim 15 , wherein the article exhibits iridescence due to the total internal reflection.
21. The article of claim 15 , wherein the article exhibits optical interference due to the total internal reflection.
22. The article of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of domed structures are disposed in a regular two-dimensional array on the substrate.
23. The article of claim 15 , wherein the microscale interface comprises a polygonal interface.
24. The article of claim 15 , wherein the microscale interface comprises an irregular interface.
25. The article of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of donned structures each exhibit a largest cross-sectional dimension of from 1 micron to 200 microns.