Deformable conductors and related sensors, antennas and multiplexed systems
A conducting shear thinning gel composition and methods of making such a composition are disclosed. The conducting shear thinning gel composition includes a mixture of a eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide, wherein the mixture of eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide has a weight percentage (wt %) of between about 59.9% and about 99.9% eutectic gallium alloy, and a wt % of between about 0.1% and about 2.0% gallium oxide. Also disclosed are articles of manufacture, comprising the shear thinning gel composition, and methods of making article of manufacture having a shear thinning gel composition. Also disclosed are sensors and multiplexed systems utilizing deformable conductors.
1. An electronic system, comprising:
a flexible stretchable substrate; and
a stretchable conductor disposed on the stretchable substrate, the stretchable conductor comprising a metal gel composition, wherein the metal gel composition:
(a) has an electrical property having a substantially linear response proportional over a predetermined range to the metal gel being stretched,
(b) comprises a eutectic gallium alloy; and an amount of gallium oxide distributed within the bulk of the gallium alloy, wherein the bulk mixture of eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide has a weight percentage (wt %) of between about 59.9% and about 99.9% eutectic gallium alloy,
(c) the metal gel is stabilized by gallium oxide microstructures, and
(d) the metal gel thins upon application of high shear,
an encapsulant configured to encapsulate the stretchable conductor with the flexible stretchable substrate.
2. The electronic system of claim 1 , further comprising a circuit, operatively coupled to the stretchable conductor, configured to determine the electrical property and output a signal based on the electrical property.
3. The electronic system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical property is resistance.
4. The electronic system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical property is one of: resistance, impedance, capacitance, inductance, or frequency.
5. The electronic system of claim 1 , wherein the substantially linear response is linear with a margin of +/−1.5%.
6. The electronic system of claim 1 , wherein the metal gel is printed on the flexible stretchable substrate.
7. The electronic system of claim 6 , wherein the metal gel is printed on a surface of the flexible stretchable substrate.
8. The electronic system of claim 1 , wherein the circuit comprises an analog to digital converter configured to output the signal.
9. The electronic system of claim 1 , wherein the stretchable conductor forms a sensor and wherein the electrical property is indicative of output of the sensor.
10. The electronic system of claim 9 , wherein the sensor is one of a strain sensor, a pressure sensor, a shear sensor, a deformation sensor, or a compression sensor.
11. A method of making an electronic system, comprising:
disposing stretchable conductor on a flexible stretchable substrate, the stretchable conductor comprising a metal gel composition, wherein the metal gel composition:
(a) has an electrical property having a substantially linear response proportional over a predetermined range to the metal gel being stretched,
(b) comprises a eutectic gallium alloy; and an amount of gallium oxide distributed within the bulk of the gallium alloy, wherein the bulk mixture of eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide has a weight percentage (wt %) of between about 59.9% and about 99.9% eutectic gallium alloy,
(c) the metal gel is stabilized by gallium oxide microstructures; and
(d) the metal gel thins upon application of high shear,
applying an encapsulant to encapsulate the stretchable conductor with the flexible stretchable substrate.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising operatively coupling a circuit to the stretchable conductor, the circuit configured to determine the electrical property and output a signal based on the electrical property.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrical property is resistance.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrical property is one of: resistance, impedance, capacitance, inductance, or frequency.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the substantially linear response is linear with a margin of +/−1.5%.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein disposing the metal gel is by printing the metal gel on the flexible stretchable substrate.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the metal gel is printed on a surface of the flexible stretchable substrate.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the circuit comprises an analog to digital converter configured to output the signal.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the stretchable conductor forms a sensor and wherein the electrical property is indicative of output of the sensor.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the sensor is one of a strain sensor, a pressure sensor, a shear sensor, a deformation sensor, or a compression sensor.