Upgraded coal

1. A method of upgrading coal, the method comprising:

cleaning coal to form a cleaned coal residue; and

at least one of

reacting the cleaned coal residue with an oxidizable inorganic metallic agent, and

reacting the cleaned coal residue with a reducing agent,

to form the upgraded coal, wherein the upgraded coal has a lower oxygen concentration as compared to the naturally-sourced coal used to form the upgraded coal.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coal that is cleaned is a crushed coal or a particulate coal.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning of the coal comprises cleaning the coal with a mineral acid, cleaning the coal with a base, physically cleaning the coal, or a combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises crushing the cleaned coal residue to a smaller size than the coal prior to cleaning, wherein the smaller size comprises a largest dimension of 500 microns or less.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting of the cleaned coal residue with the oxidizable inorganic metallic agent is performed.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the oxidizable inorganic metallic agent comprises iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O), iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl·4H 2 O), or a combination thereof.

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the reaction of the cleaned coal residue with the oxidizable inorganic metallic agent is performed at 100° C. to 500° C.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting of the cleaned coal residue with the reducing agent is performed.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reducing agent comprises lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, diborane, 9-BBN, aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, or a combination thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein both the reacting of the cleaned coal residue with the oxidizable inorganic metallic agent and the reacting of the cleaned coal residue with the reducing agent are performed.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the upgraded coal comprises an ash content that is 4 wt % to 15 wt % lower than an ash content of the coal prior to the cleaning and that is less than 5 wt %; or

the upgraded coal comprises 1% to 30% higher carbon concentration than the coal prior to the cleaning; or

a combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming a graphene film from the upgraded coal.

13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming a graphene quantum dot from the upgraded coal.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the graphene quantum dot comprises one or more fluorescence emission maxima at 395 nm excitation of 450 nm to 550 nm.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the upgraded coal comprises:

an ash content of less than 5 wt %;

an oxygen concentration of 10 wt % to 25 wt %; and

a carbon concentration of 40 wt % to 75 wt %.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the upgraded coal has an oxygen concentration that is 1% to 50% less than an oxygen concentration of the coal prior to the cleaning.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the upgraded coal has an oxygen concentration that is 15% to 25% lower than an oxygen concentration of the coal prior to the cleaning.

18. A method of upgrading coal, the method comprising:

cleaning coal having a largest dimension of 25 mm or less using a strong mineral acid at a temperature of 30° C. to 100° C. to form a cleaned coal residue; and

at least one of

reacting the cleaned coal residue at 100° C. to 500° C. under an inert gas with an oxidizable inorganic metallic agent comprising iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O), iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl·4H 2 O), or a combination thereof, and

reacting the cleaned coal residue at 0° C. to 50° C. in an organic solvent with a reducing agent comprising lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), sodium borohydride (NAH), or a combination thereof,

to form the upgraded coal;

wherein

the upgraded coal has a lower ash content, as compared to the coal used to form the upgraded coal, and

the upgraded coal has a lower oxygen concentration and a higher carbon concentration, as compared to the naturally-sourced coal used to form the upgraded coal.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the upgraded coal has:

an ash content of less than 5 wt %;

an oxygen concentration of 10 wt % to 25 wt %; and

a carbon concentration of 40 wt % to 75 wt %.