Maximum takeoff weight determination for aircraft
An aircraft has a first principles takeoff processor (PCE), a predictive flight envelope protection processor (PFEP), and a maximum takeoff weight processor. The PCE is programmed to predict a liftoff location and an energy state of the aircraft at a liftoff on a runway. The PFEP is programmed to assess each of a plurality of potential trajectories for compliance with or violation of a predetermined flight envelope. The maximum weight processor is programmed to: indicate that the aircraft may takeoff at the aircraft weight when any one of the plurality of potential trajectories is in compliance with the predetermined flight envelope; iteratively reduce an input of the aircraft weight to the PCE until the PCE indicates that any one of the plurality of potential trajectories is in compliance with the predetermined flight envelope; and indicate that the input of the aircraft weight as reduced is a maximum allowable takeoff weight.
1. An aircraft having an aircraft weight, the aircraft comprising:
a first principles takeoff processor programmed and configured to:
predict a liftoff location and an energy state of the aircraft at a liftoff on a runway based on the aircraft weight and on environmental conditions;
a predictive flight envelope protection processor programmed and configured to:
receive the energy state and the liftoff location from the first principles takeoff processor;
generate a plurality of potential trajectories of the aircraft from the liftoff location based on the energy state; and
assess each of the plurality of potential trajectories for compliance with or violation of a predetermined flight envelope; and
a maximum takeoff weight processor programmed and configured to:
indicate that the aircraft may takeoff at the aircraft weight in response to the predictive flight envelope protection processor determining that any one of the plurality of potential trajectories is in compliance with the predetermined flight envelope;
iteratively reduce an input of the aircraft weight to the first principles takeoff processor in response to the predictive flight envelope protection processor determining that all of the plurality of potential trajectories violate the predetermined flight envelope, iteratively reducing until the predictive flight envelope protection processor indicates that any one of the plurality of potential trajectories is in compliance with the predetermined flight envelope; and
indicate that the input of the aircraft weight as iteratively reduced is a maximum allowable takeoff weight.
2. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the first principles takeoff processor is further programmed and configured to predict the liftoff location and the energy state of the aircraft at the liftoff based further on an engine loss at a decision point past which the aircraft may not be able to stop within a remaining runway length.
3. The aircraft of claim 2 , wherein the predictive flight envelope protection processor is further programmed and configured to generate the plurality of potential trajectories based further on operation of the aircraft with the engine loss.
4. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein an initial value of the aircraft weight is a maximum gross weight of the aircraft.
5. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein an initial value of the aircraft weight is one of a measured weight and an estimated weight of the aircraft.
6. The aircraft of claim 5 , wherein the maximum takeoff weight processor is further programmed and configured to alert a crew that the initial value of the aircraft weight exceeds the maximum allowable takeoff weight in response to the predictive flight envelope protection processor determining that all of the plurality of potential trajectories violate the predetermined flight envelope at the initial value.
7. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the maximum takeoff weight processor is further programmed and configured to alert a crew to a maximum amount of fuel that may be carried based on the maximum allowable takeoff weight.
8. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the maximum takeoff weight processor is further programmed and configured to alert a crew that takeoff is not possible in response to determining that the maximum allowable takeoff weight is less than or equal to a zero fuel weight plus a safety margin.
9. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the first principles takeoff processor is further programmed and configured to predict the liftoff location and the energy state of the aircraft based further on a weight balance, an airport, and on a flight plan.
10. The aircraft of claim 9 , wherein the first principles takeoff processor is further programmed and configured to predict the liftoff location and the energy state of the aircraft based further on a geo-location, waypoints, altitudes, fuel required, and a max gross weight as received from a flight management system.
11. The aircraft of claim 10 , wherein the first principles takeoff processor is further programmed and configured to predict the liftoff location and the energy state of the aircraft based further on a wind, a temperature, and a pressure as received from a weather service.
12. The aircraft of claim 11 , wherein the first principles takeoff processor is further programmed and configured to predict the liftoff location and the energy state of the aircraft based further on available runways, runway dimensions, and a starting point for takeoff on each runway as received from an airport database.
13. An aircraft takeoff weight protection system for an aircraft with an aircraft weight, the aircraft takeoff weight protection system comprising:
a first principles takeoff processor programmed and configured to:
predict a liftoff location and an energy state of the aircraft at a liftoff on a runway based on the aircraft weight and on environmental conditions;
a predictive flight envelope protection processor programmed and configured to:
receive the energy state and the liftoff location from the first principles takeoff processor;
generate a plurality of potential trajectories of the aircraft from the liftoff location based on the energy state; and
assess each of the plurality of potential trajectories for compliance with or violation of a predetermined flight envelope; and
a maximum takeoff weight processor programmed and configured to:
indicate that the aircraft may takeoff at the aircraft weight in response to the predictive flight envelope protection processor determining that any one of the plurality of potential trajectories is in compliance with the predetermined flight envelope;
iteratively reduce an input of the aircraft weight to the first principles takeoff processor in response to the predictive flight envelope protection processor determining that all of the plurality of potential trajectories violate the predetermined flight envelope, iteratively reducing until the predictive flight envelope protection processor indicates that any one of the plurality of potential trajectories is in compliance with the predetermined flight envelope; and
indicate that the input of the aircraft weight as iteratively reduced is a maximum allowable takeoff weight.
14. The aircraft takeoff weight protection system of claim 13 , wherein the first principles takeoff processor is further programmed and configured to predict the liftoff location and the energy state of the aircraft at the liftoff based further on an engine loss at a decision point past which the aircraft may not be able to stop within a remaining runway length.
15. The aircraft takeoff weight protection system of claim 14 , wherein the predictive flight envelope protection processor is further programmed and configured to generate the plurality of potential trajectories based further on operation of the aircraft with the engine loss.
16. The aircraft takeoff weight protection system of claim 13 , wherein an initial value of the aircraft weight is a maximum gross weight of the aircraft.
17. The aircraft takeoff weight protection system of claim 13 , wherein an initial value of the aircraft weight is one of a measured weight and an estimated weight of the aircraft.
18. The aircraft takeoff weight protection system of claim 17 , wherein the maximum takeoff weight processor is further programmed and configured to alert a crew that the initial value of the aircraft weight exceeds the maximum allowable takeoff weight in response to the predictive flight envelope protection processor determining that all of the plurality of potential trajectories violate the predetermined flight envelope at the initial value.
19. The aircraft takeoff weight protection system of claim 13 , wherein the maximum takeoff weight processor is further programmed and configured to alert a crew to a maximum amount of fuel that may be carried based on the maximum allowable takeoff weight.
20. The aircraft takeoff weight protection system of claim 13 , wherein the maximum takeoff weight processor is further programmed and configured to alert a crew that takeoff is not possible in response to determining that the maximum allowable takeoff weight is less than or equal to a zero fuel weight plus a safety margin.