Toner
The present invention provides a toner that can maintain excellent transferability even when a transfer bias is low. The toner includes a toner particle that includes a toner base particle and a plurality of convex portions X existing on a surface of the toner base particle, wherein the convex portion X contains an organic silicon polymer; when a cross-section of the toner is observed with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and the convex portions X comprise a plurality of convex portions Y each having a convex height H of 40 nm or higher, a number ratio P (H/w) of the a number of the convex portions Y 2 in which a ratio (H/w) of the convex height H to the convex width w is 0.33 or larger and 0.80 or smaller is 70% by number or more with respect to a total number of the convex portions Y.
1. A toner, comprising:
a toner particle comprising a toner base particle, and a plurality of convex portions X existing on a surface of the toner base particle;
each of the convex portions X contains an organic silicon polymer; and
the convex portions X comprising a plurality of convex portions Y each having a convex height H of 40 nm or higher when a cross-section of the toner is observed with a scanning transmission electron microscope, wherein
the
convex portions Y comprise a plurality of convex portions Y 2 each having a ratio (H/w) of 0.33 to 0.80 where w is a convex width defined by a maximum line segment in a continuous interface between the toner base particle and each of convex portions X, and convex height H is a maximum length of each of the convex portions X in a normal direction to w,
a number ratio P (H/w) of a number of the convex portions Y 2 is 70% by number or more with respect to a total number of the convex portions Y,
a migration rate of the convex portions X in a water washing method of the toner is 7 to 20% by number of a total of the convex portions X before water washing, and
a number average particle size D 1 of the convex portions X that have migrated into water by the water washing method is 30 to 300 nm.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein 10 or more convex portions X per toner particle are observed by the cross-sectional observation of the toner by scanning transmission electron microscope.
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the number average particle size D 1 of the convex portions X that have migrated into water by the water washing method is 50 to and 300 nm, and
a ratio D 1 /D 2 is 1.0 to 5.0 where D 2 is a number average particle size of the convex portions X that migrate into water when the toner which has been subjected to the water washing method is washed again with water.
4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein an aspect ratio of the convex portions X that have migrated into water by the water washing method is 0.3 to 0.8 in a flow type image analysis method, and
an average circularity of the convex portions X that have migrated into water by the water washing method is 0.70 to 0.90 in a flow type image analysis method.