DNA sequence modification-based gene drive

1. A two-vector composition comprising:

a first vector comprising:

a first sequence encoding a first component of a DNA sequence modifying complex, wherein the DNA sequence modifying complex induces one or more sequence modifications in an endogenous copy of an essential gene, wherein the first component of the DNA sequence modifying complex is a nuclease, wherein the nuclease is Cas9 nuclease,

a first promoter operably linked to the first sequence encoding the first component of the DNA sequence modifying complex, wherein the first promoter comprises at least one of a germline promoter, a male specific germline promoter, a female specific germline promoter, a cell-type specific promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, a ubiquitous promoter, a promoter activated at a specific stage of mitosis, a promoter activated at a specific stage of meiosis, a viral promoter or prokaryotic promoter;

a rescue transgene sequence;

a rescue transgene promoter operably linked to the rescue transgene sequence, wherein the rescue transgene promoter comprises at least one of a endogenous promoter for the essential gene, germline promoter, a male specific germline promoter, a female specific germline promoter, a cell-type specific promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, a ubiquitous promoter, a promoter activated at a specific stage of mitosis, a promoter activated at a specific stage of meiosis, a viral promoter or prokaryotic promoter; and

further comprising one or more cargo sequences;

a second vector comprising:

a second sequence encoding a second component of the DNA sequence modifying complex, wherein the second component of the DNA sequence modifying complex is Cas9 or a guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA enables the Cas9 nuclease to target specific sequences within the essential gene;

a second promoter operably linked to the second component of the DNA sequence modifying complex, wherein the second promoter comprises at least one of a germline promoter, a male specific germline promoter, a female specific germline promoter, a cell-type specific promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, a ubiquitous promoter, a promoter activated at a specific stage of mitosis, a promoter activated at a specific stage of meiosis, a viral promoter or prokaryotic promoter,

wherein the two-vector composition is configured for reversibly modifying a population of organisms,

wherein the one or more sequence modifications comprise cleavage of the essential gene resulting in the essential gene being rendered partially or wholly non-functional and resulting in a defect in survival, growth control, fertility, or differentiation in absence of the rescue transgene,

wherein a rescue of the defect occurs by the rescue transgene being positioned in any chromosomal or extrachromosomal element that is different from the location of the endogenous copy of the essential gene,

wherein the rescue transgene is either a recoded copy of the essential gene or is a gene of unrelated sequence, wherein the rescue transgene encodes a protein that is functionally equivalent to a protein encoded by the essential gene, and wherein the DNA sequence modifying enzyme does not modify the rescue transgene, and

wherein the one or more additional sequences that allow the vectors of the two-vector composition to be positioned in a chromosome or an extra-chromosomal element that is different from the location of the endogenous copy of the essential gene comprise sequences that are not homologous to sequences flanking the endogenous copy of the essential gene.

2. The two-vector composition of claim 1 , wherein the first vector further comprises the second sequence encoding the second component of the DNA sequence modifying complex, and the second vector further comprises the first sequence encoding the first component of a DNA sequence modifying complex.

3. The two-vector composition of claim 1 , wherein the two vectors are configured to comprise one or more additional sequences to be positioned on a single chromosome or a single extrachromosomal element at a distance from each other, on two different chromosomes, a chromosome and an extrachromosomal element, or two different extrachromosomal elements.

4. The two-vector composition of claim 3 , wherein the distance between the two vectors is less than 50 map units.

5. The two-vector composition of claim 1 , wherein the rescue transgene is either a recoded copy of the essential gene or is a gene of unrelated sequence, wherein the rescue transgene encodes a protein that is functionally equivalent to a protein encoded by the essential gene, and wherein the DNA sequence modifying enzyme does not modify the rescue transgene.

6. The two-vector composition of claim 1 , wherein the chromosome is an autosome, X chromosome, Y chromosome, Z chromosome, W chromosome, or supernumerary chromosome.

7. The two-vector composition of claim 1 , wherein the one or more cargo sequences comprise a one or more foreign gene sequences, or one or more alleles of an endogenous chromosomal or extra-chromosomal gene to which one of the vectors has been linked through nearby, or internal to the gene, insertion on the chromosome or extra-chromosomal element that carries the endogenous allele of interest.

8. A method of reversibly modifying a population, the method comprising:

obtaining a wild type organism,

positioning a two-vector system of claim 1 in the wild type organism,

generating an altered organism by inducing one or more sequence modifications in an essential gene by a DNA sequence modifying complex in the two-vector system that result in a defect in survival, growth control, fertility, or differentiation in one or more cells in the organism, and rescuing the defect in survival, growth control, fertility, or differentiation by a rescue transgene in the two-vector system,

introducing the altered organism in an environment wherein an increase in a frequency of the altered organism is desired relative to a frequency of the wild type organism in a population,

replacing the wild type organism with the altered organism in the population in the environment,

thereby obtaining a modified population,

reintroducing the wild type organism in an environment wherein an increase in a frequency of the wild type organism is desired relative to a frequency of the altered organism in the modified population,

replacing the altered organism with the wild type organism in the modified population in the environment,

thereby reversibly modifying the population.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reversible modification of the population occurs at a rapid rate, high frequency, or both.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the rapid rate is defined as replacement of at least 90% of the wild type organism by the altered organism or vice versa in the population after at most 100 generations.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the high frequency is defined as replacement of at least 90% of the wild type organism by the altered organism or vice versa after 100 generations in the population.