Graphene-transition metal catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction
Functionalized catalysts for use in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) contain nanoparticles containing a transition metal enveloped in layers of graphene, which renders the nanoparticles resistant to passivation while maintaining an optimal ratio of transition metal and transition metal oxide in the nanoparticles. The catalysts can be utilized with anionic exchange polymer membranes for hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis.
1. A method of making a transition metal catalyst, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a slurry comprising carbon black particles and an aqueous solution comprising a salt of a transition metal M and an oxygen-containing chelating agent;
(b) mixing the slurry, whereby the aqueous solution is absorbed by the carbon black particles;
(c) separating the carbon black particles containing the absorbed solution from the non-absorbed solution;
(d) drying the separated carbon black particles to obtain a solid product; and
(e) heating the solid product, whereby a first portion of M is oxidized, a second portion of M is reduced to form nanoparticles comprising M 0 , and a carbon matrix comprising graphene forms and surrounds the nanoparticles to form the catalyst.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein M is a 3d transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein M is nickel.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise M:M y O x /C, and wherein y is from 3-9 and x=(2y−1).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise M:M y O x /C, and wherein 1≤y≤3 and 1≤x≤5.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen-containing chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of N-nitroso-N-phenylhydroxylamine (cupferron), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulfonate, deferoxamine, nitrilo acetic acid, dimercaprol, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, and combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the slurry formed in (a) comprises about 40 wt % of M, to which a solution of the oxygen-containing chelating agent is added dropwise.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the slurry formed in (a) comprises M and the oxygen-containing chelating agent in a 1:2 molar ratio.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating in (e) is performed at about 600° C. to 800° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating of (e) is performed in an inert atmosphere.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles formed in (e) further comprise an oxidized form of M.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the nanoparticles formed in (e) comprise reduced and oxidized forms of M at an atomic ratio in the range from about 1:1 to about 1:3.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are each surrounded by from 1 to 5 layers of graphene.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein M in the final catalyst is prevented from contacting water when the catalyst is used in an aqueous environment.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the final catalyst comprises from about 10% to about 70% of M (wt/wt) based on the total weight of the catalyst.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon black particles comprise microparticles and/or nanoparticles.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon black particles have a surface area of at least about 1000 m 2 /g, at least about 1200 m 2 /g, or at least about 1400 m 2 /g.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method does not comprise use of a reducing agent.
19. A transition metal catalyst comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein each nanoparticle comprises both reduced and oxidized forms of a transition metal M and is encased in one or more layers of graphene.
20. The transition metal catalyst of claim 19 , wherein the catalyst is made by a method comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a slurry comprising carbon black particles and an aqueous solution comprising a salt of a transition metal M and an oxygen-containing chelating agent;
(b) mixing the slurry, whereby the aqueous solution is absorbed by the carbon black particles;
(c) separating the carbon black particles containing the absorbed solution from the non-absorbed solution;
(d) drying the separated carbon black particles to obtain a solid product; and
(e) heating the solid product, whereby a first portion of M is oxidized, a second portion of M is reduced to form nanoparticles comprising M 0 , and a carbon matrix comprising graphene forms and surrounds the nanoparticles to form the catalyst.
21. The transition metal catalyst of claim 19 , wherein M is a 3d transition metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and combinations thereof.
22. The transition metal catalyst of claim 21 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise M:MyOx/C, and wherein y is from 3-9 and x=(2y−1).
23. The transition metal catalyst of claim 21 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise M:MyOx/C, and wherein 1<y<3 and 1<x<5.
24. The transition metal catalyst of claim 19 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise reduced and oxidized forms of M at an atomic ratio in the range from about 1:1 to about 1:3.
25. The transition metal catalyst of claim 19 , wherein one or more oxidized forms of M are present at a surface of the nanoparticles.
26. The transition metal catalyst of claim 19 , wherein each nanoparticle is encased in one to five layers of graphene.
27. The transition metal catalyst of claim 19 , wherein the catalyst is suitable for catalyzing a hydrogen evolution reaction and/or an oxygen evolution reaction.
28. An electrode comprising the transition metal catalyst of claim 19 .