Cancer imaging methods and cancer treatment methods using thermotherapy and drug delivery
Cancer imaging methods and cancer treatment methods using thermotherapy and drug delivery are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the temperature of heated tissue is determined from radio-frequency data from an ultrasound transducer based upon a change in backscattered energy of acoustic harmonics. In another embodiment, a plurality of nanocarriers containing an anti-tumor medication are administered to a patient, and are excited in a first non-thermal ultrasound mode and/or a second thermal ultrasound mode using an ultrasound source. In yet another embodiment, a plurality of nanoparticles are administered to a patient, then at least some of the nanoparticles are heated along with tissue at a site of a tumor, and a photoacoustic imaging unit is used to determine a temperature of the heated tissue at the site of the tumor.
1. A cancer treatment method using ultrasound energy for targeted drug delivery, the method comprising the steps of:
administering a plurality of nanocarriers to a patient in need thereof so as to target a tumor in the patient, the administered nanocarriers containing an anti-tumor medication; and
exciting the nanocarriers in a first non-thermal ultrasound mode and/or a second thermal ultrasound mode using an ultrasound source that generates a non-thermal ultrasonic wave and/or a thermal ultrasonic wave so as to release the anti-tumor medication from one or more of the plurality of nanocarriers at a site of the tumor;
wherein the ultrasound source is a therapeutic ultrasound transducer; and
wherein the step of exciting the nanocarriers further comprises exciting the nanocarriers using the therapeutic ultrasound transducer in the first non-thermal ultrasound mode, the therapeutic ultrasound transducer emitting pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU) for mechanical excitation of the plurality of nanocarriers in the first non-thermal ultrasound mode so as to release the anti-tumor medication from the nanocarriers by rupturing membranes of the nanocarriers and/or peeling a polymer coating off the nanocarriers.
2. The cancer treatment method according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanocarriers are selected from the group consisting of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles, aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles.
3. The cancer treatment method according to claim 1 , wherein at least some of the plurality of nanocarriers are conjugated with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs).
4. The cancer treatment method according to claim 1 , wherein the therapeutic ultrasound transducer has a frequency of approximately 1 megaHertz.
5. The cancer treatment method according to claim 4 , wherein the step of exciting the nanocarriers with the pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU) in the first non-thermal ultrasound mode further comprises generating approximately 25 millisecond pulses at a pulse repetition frequency of approximately 1 Hertz with a focal peak pressure of approximately 3.3 megapascals for a total exposure time duration of approximately 30 seconds.
6. The cancer treatment method according to claim 5 , wherein, in the first non-thermal ultrasound mode where the therapeutic ultrasound transducer is emitting the pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU), the therapeutic ultrasound transducer has an acoustic power of approximately 332 watts and an input voltage of approximately 500 mVpp.
7. The cancer treatment method according to claim 4 , wherein the step of exciting the nanocarriers further comprises exciting the nanocarriers using the therapeutic ultrasound transducer in the second thermal ultrasound mode, the therapeutic ultrasound transducer emitting low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) for thermal heating of the plurality of nanocarriers in the second thermal ultrasound mode so as to release the anti-tumor medication from the nanocarriers by thermally rupturing the nanocarriers and/or melting a polymer coating of the nanocarriers.
8. The cancer treatment method according to claim 7 , wherein the step of exciting the nanocarriers with the low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) in the second thermal ultrasound mode further comprises generating a thermal ultrasonic wave with the frequency of approximately 1 megaHertz at a focal peak pressure of approximately 0.35 megapascals and a 50% duty cycle for a total exposure time duration of approximately 5 minutes.
9. The cancer treatment method according to claim 8 , wherein, in the second thermal ultrasound mode where the therapeutic ultrasound transducer is emitting the low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), the therapeutic ultrasound transducer has an acoustic power of approximately 2.1 watts and an input voltage of approximately 160 mVpp.
10. The cancer treatment method according to claim 8 , wherein, in the second thermal ultrasound mode where the therapeutic ultrasound transducer is emitting the low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), the therapeutic ultrasound transducer thermally heats the plurality of nanocarriers to a temperature in a range between about 37° C. and about 47° C. under feedback control of the therapeutic ultrasound transducer by a feedback controller.
11. The cancer treatment method according to claim 1 , wherein the anti-tumor medication comprises doxorubicin.