Auto-powered synthetic skin

1. A biosensor capable of self-power, the biosensor comprising:

a microfluidics layer;

a multimodal sensing layer comprising an electrode and a biofuel cell; and

a logic circuit comprising a processor and a non-transitory memory with computer executable instructions embedded thereon;

wherein the microfluidics layer comprises multiple microchannels transversely oriented to obtain a biological sample, the biological sample comprising a target molecule and an energy molecule;

the multimodal sensing layer is fluidically coupled to the microfluidics layer to receive the biological sample from the microchannels;

the electrode configured to detect a measurement of an electrical property corresponding to a target molecule present in the biological sample;

the biofuel cell comprises a lactate oxidase immobilized anode and a Pt-alloy cathode and is configured to harvest energy from the energy molecule present in the biological sample to power the biosensor;

wherein the lactate oxidase immobilized anode comprises hierarchical Ni microstructures (h-Ni), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films, and bimediator modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs); and

the logic circuit is electrically coupled to the electrode and the computer executable instructions cause the processor to identify the electrical property detected with the electrode when the target molecule is present in the biological sample.

2. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample comprises one or more of sweat, tears, blood, urine, and saliva.

3. The biosensor of claim 2 , wherein the biological sample comprises sweat.

4. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the electrical property is an electrical current.

5. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the electrical property is an electrical voltage.

6. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the electrical property is an electrical impedance.

7. The biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the computer executable instructions cause the processor to generate an indication identifying the presence of the target molecule based on the electrical property detected with the electrode.

8. The biosensor of claim 7 , wherein the computer executable instructions further cause the processor to wirelessly transmit to the user the indication identifying the presence of the target molecule.

9. The biosensor of claim 8 , wherein wireless transmission of the indication to the user identifying the presence of the target molecule comprises Bluetooth® communication.

10. The biosensor of claim 1 , further comprising a moisture resistant layer.

11. A method for powering a biosensor comprised of a microfluidics layer comprising multiple microchannels transversely oriented to obtain a biological sample, a multimodal sensing layer fluidically coupled to the microfluidics layer and comprising an electrode and a biofuel cell, and a logic circuit, the method comprising:

receiving, a biological sample comprising an energy molecule, such that the biological sample can be channeled through the microfluidics layer to the multimodal sensing layer; and

harvesting, with the biofuel cell, energy from an energy molecule present in the biological sample;

wherein the biofuel cell comprises a lactate oxidase immobilized anode and a Pt-alloy cathode and is configured to harvest energy from the energy molecule present in the biological sample to power the biosensor;

wherein the lactate oxidase immobilized anode comprises hierarchical Ni microstructures (h-Ni), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films, and bimediator modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs).

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein harvesting energy with the biofuel cell comprises catalyzing lactate to pyruvate.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein harvesting energy with the biofuel cell comprises reducing oxygen to water.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the biological sample comprises one or more of sweat, tears, blood, urine, and saliva.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the target molecule is lactate.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein harvesting energy with the biofuel cell comprises catalyzing lactate to pyruvate.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein harvesting energy with the biofuel cell comprises reducing oxygen to water.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the biological sample comprises one or more of sweat, tears, blood, urine, and saliva.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the biological sample comprises sweat.