Optical edge coupler having a heterogeneous cladding structure
A PIC comprising an optical edge coupler having a plurality of optical cores within a heterogeneous stack of dielectric layers providing an optical cladding for the optical cores. The layer stack comprises first and second groups of layers, wherein refraction-index differences between individual layers of the same group are much smaller than refraction-index differences between any two layers from different groups. The optical cores are arranged in a plurality of parallel planar arrays enabling a large MFD change. At least one of the arrays is located within the first group of layers, and at least another one of the arrays is located within the second group of layers. End sections of the optical cores are adjacent to an edge of the PIC and may be optically coupled to an external optical fiber or on-chip waveguide of another PIC for a low-loss transfer of optical power therebetween.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate having a substantially planar main surface; and
an optical edge coupler located adjacent an edge of the substrate; and
wherein the optical edge coupler comprises:
a plurality of optical cores supported along said main surface of the substrate; and
a vertical stack of dielectric layers arranged along said main surface, the vertical stack of dielectric layers being an optical cladding for the optical cores such that some of the optical cores are located in a first subset of the layers and others of the optical cores are located in a second subset of the layers, each of the first and second subsets including respective one or more of the layers, the one or more layers of the first subset having a different refraction index than the one or more layers of the second subset, the one or more layers of the first subset being closer to the main surface than the one or more layers of the second subset, at least some of the optical cores having end segments thereof adjacent to the edge, wherein each layer of the second subset has a greater refraction index than each layer of the first subset.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the layers of the first and second subsets are formed of silicon oxides.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a refraction-index difference between any two layers of the first subset is smaller than 0.002.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein a refraction-index difference between any of the one or more layers of the first subset and any of the one or more layers of the second subset is greater than 0.01.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein one of the optical cores has a greater refraction index than any other of the optical cores.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 ,
wherein the one of the optical cores is a silicon core; and
wherein said other of the optical cores are dielectric cores.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the dielectric cores are silicon-nitride cores.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the vertical stack of dielectric layers comprises a polymer layer having a greater distance to the main surface than the one or more layers of the second subset.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein a refraction-index difference between the polymer layer and any of the one or more layers of the second subset is smaller than 0.005.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein portions of the polymer layer are parts of the optical cladding.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising an optical fiber optically end-coupled to the end segments; and
wherein the optical fiber is affixed to the edge, at least in part, by the polymer layer.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
one or more semiconductor device portions in the first subset of layers; and
a metal-interconnect structure in the second subset of the layers, the metal-interconnect structure being electrically connected to the one or more semiconductor device portions.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 ,
wherein said some of the optical cores are arranged in a first planar array parallel to the main surface; and
wherein said others of the optical cores are arranged in a plurality of second planar arrays parallel to the main surface, each of the second planar arrays being at a different respective vertical distance from the main surface.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the optical cores of the first planar array have a greater vertical thickness than the optical cores of the second planar arrays.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 ,
wherein at least a portion of the first subset of layers is fabricated using FEOL processing of a corresponding wafer; and
wherein the second subset of layers is fabricated using BEOL processing of the corresponding wafer.
16. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate having a substantially planar main surface; and
an optical edge coupler located adjacent an edge of the substrate; and
wherein the optical edge coupler comprises:
a plurality of optical cores supported along said main surface of the substrate; and
a vertical stack of dielectric layers arranged along said main surface, the vertical stack of dielectric layers being an optical cladding for the optical cores such that some of the optical cores are located in a first subset of the layers and others of the optical cores are located in a second subset of the layers, each of the first and second subsets including respective one or more of the layers, the one or more layers of the first subset having a different refraction index than the one or more layers of the second subset, the one or more layers of the first subset being closer to the main surface than the one or more layers of the second subset, at least some of the optical cores having end segments thereof adjacent to the edge, wherein the vertical stack of dielectric layers comprises a polymer layer having a greater distance to the main surface than the one or more layers of the second subset.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein a refraction-index difference between the polymer layer and any of the one or more layers of the second subset is smaller than 0.005.
18. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein portions of the polymer layer are parts of the optical cladding.
19. The apparatus of claim 16 , further comprising an optical fiber optically end-coupled to the end segments; and
wherein the optical fiber is affixed to the edge, at least in part, by the polymer layer.
20. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate having a substantially planar main surface; and
an optical edge coupler located adjacent an edge of the substrate, wherein the optical edge coupler comprises:
a plurality of optical cores supported along said main surface of the substrate; and
a vertical stack of dielectric layers arranged along said main surface, the vertical stack of dielectric layers being an optical cladding for the optical cores such that some of the optical cores are located in a first subset of the layers and others of the optical cores are located in a second subset of the layers, each of the first and second subsets including respective one or more of the layers, the one or more layers of the first subset having a different refraction index than the one or more layers of the second subset, the one or more layers of the first subset being closer to the main surface than the one or more layers of the second subset, at least some of the optical cores having end segments thereof adjacent to the edge;
one or more semiconductor device portions in the first subset of layers; and
a metal-interconnect structure in the second subset of the layers, the metal-interconnect structure being electrically connected to the one or more semiconductor device portions.