Systems and methods for particle generation

1. A carbon particle with (i) a statistical thickness surface area (m 2 /g)/electron microscope surface area (m 2 /g) (STSA/EMSA) ratio greater than or equal to about 1.3, (ii) a lattice constant (L c ) greater than about 3.0 nanometers (nm), and (iii) an STSA (m 2 /g)/nitrogen surface area (m 2 /g) (STSA/N2SA) ratio that is between about 1.01 and about 1.4, wherein the carbon particle comprises carbon black.

2. The carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein a Z average particle size of the carbon particle as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) is at least about 30% greater than a value predicted based on the equation D a =(2540+71<DBP>)/S, where D a is maximum aggregate diameter in nanometers (nm), S is STSA in m 2 /g, and <DBP> is equal to the volume of dibutyl phthalate in milliliters per 100 grams (mL/100 g) in accordance with standard test procedure ASTM D2414.

3. The carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the carbon particle has an N2SA that is between about 30 m 2 /g and about 400 m 2 /g.

4. The carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein (i) a total content of extractable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the carbon particle is less than about 1 part per million (ppm), or (ii) the carbon particle has a transmittance of toluene extract (TOTE) greater than about 99.8%.

5. The carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the carbon particle has (i) a total sulfur content of less than about 50 ppm, (ii) an oxygen content of less than or equal to about 0.4% oxygen by weight, (iii) a hydrogen content of less than about 0.4% hydrogen by weight, or (iv) a boron concentration that is between about 0.05% and 7% on a solids weight basis.

6. The carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the carbon particle has (i) a moisture content of less than or equal to about 0.3% by weight, (ii) an affinity to adsorb water from an 80% relative humidity atmosphere of less than about 0.5 milliliters (mL) of water per square meter (m 2 ) of surface area of the carbon particle, or (iii) a water spreading pressure (WSP) between about 0 and about 8 millijoules per square meter (mJ/m 2 ).

7. The carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the carbon particle has a total surface acid group content of less than or equal to about 0.5 micromoles per square meter (μmol/m 2 ).

8. A plurality of carbon particles comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein structure of carbon particles of the plurality of carbon particles is greater than about 100 mL/100 grams.

9. A plurality of carbon particles comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon particles has a total ash content of less than or equal to about 1%, and wherein less than or equal to about 90% of the total ash content comprises metal impurities of Fe, Ni or Co, or any combination thereof.

10. A plurality of carbon particles comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon particles comprises less than about 5 ppm Fe, less than about 200 parts per billion (ppb) Cr, less than about 200 ppb Ni, less than about 10 ppb Co, less than about 10 ppb Zn, less than about 10 ppb Sn, or any combination thereof.

11. A plurality of carbon particles comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon particles comprises substantially no particles larger than about 40 micrometers (μm).

12. A plurality of carbon particles comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the plurality of carbon particles is less than about 0.3 ohm-centimeter (ohm-cm) at 2 megapascals (MPa).

13. An energy storage device comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device is a battery.

14. A polymer comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 .

15. A coating comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 .

16. An ink comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 .

17. A tire comprising a rubber that comprises the carbon particle of claim 1 .

18. A paint comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 .

19. An elastomer composite comprising the carbon particle of claim 1 .