Reusable composite filter material and methods for making and using the same for removing and destroying molecular contaminants from water
A specially functionalized composite filter material with a high specific surface area is used to adsorb PFAs from potable water. In a preferred embodiment, the base filter material is granular activated carbon (GAC), which is sequentially coated with a thin layer of polydopamine, a thin layer of partially oxidized iron, and a thin coating of octadecylamine. After PFAs are adsorbed onto the coated GAC particles, the PFAs are removed by a rinsing process, and remain in the rinse effluent. GAC particles are recovered and recoated as needed to restore their adsorptive capacity. The PFA-containing effluent is treated using photochemical processes to destroy the PFA molecules. The now PFA-free effluent can be disposed of as a non-hazardous material. The composite filter material works in systems ranging from small passive systems for personal use to large scale, high-flow-rate utility water treatment systems.
1. A composite filter material for removing contaminants from water, wherein said composite filter material is made up of a base filter material with a surface area; and
wherein said base filter material comprises one of a solid granular particle, a porous granular particle, a porous membrane, an ultrafine mesh or a network of solid or porous fibers; and
wherein a layer of adhesive material at least partially covers said surface area of said base filter material; and
wherein a layer of metal at least partially covers said layer of adhesive material; and
wherein said layer of metal is at least partially oxidized; and
wherein a layer of hydrophobic material at least partially covers said layer of partially oxidized metal.
2. The composite filter material of claim 1 , wherein the said base filter material comprises a porous granular particle.
3. The composite filter material of claim 2 , wherein the said porous granular particle is microporous.
4. The composite filter material of claim 2 , wherein the said porous granular particle is macroporous.
5. The composite filter material of claim 2 , wherein the said porous granular particle is mesoporous.
6. The composite filter material of claim 2 , wherein the said porous granular particle contains varied amounts of micropores, mesopores and macropores.
7. The composite filter material of claim 1 , wherein the said layer of adhesive material comprises polydopamine (PDA).
8. The composite filter material of claim 1 , wherein the said layer of metal comprises at least partially oxidized iron.
9. The composite filter material of claim 1 , wherein the said layer of metal comprises one of iron, a transition metal, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal or another metal from Group 13, 14 or 15 of the periodic table of the elements; and
wherein said layer of metal is at least partially oxidized.
10. The composite filter material of claim 1 , wherein the said layer of hydrophobic material comprises octadecylamine (ODA).
11. A method of removing and disposing of contaminants from water, the steps of said method comprising:
placing a quantity of the composite filter material of claim 1 in contaminated water and
leaving said composite filter material in the mixture of said contaminated water and said composite filter material for a period of time; and
removing said composite filter material from said mixture; and
placing said composite filter material into clean water making a second mixture, heating said second mixture, and keeping said second mixture at an elevated temperature for approximately 1 day; and
removing said composite filter material from said mixture, leaving an effluent; and
placing and sealing said effluent from the second mixture in a photocatalytic reaction chamber with a UV light source and either of titanium dioxide nanoparticles or composite nanoparticles made of a titanium dioxide core and a ferric oxide shell; and
causing said UV light to be turned on and said photocatalytic reaction chamber to be shaken at 250 to 400 RPM for at least 24 hours; and
placing said recovered composite filter material in an appropriate storage medium for future reprocessing as needed.