Detection of drug resistance of microorganisms
Devices, systems, and methods for strain-specific identification and assessment of susceptibility of microorganisms based on the response of sensors in a colorimetric sensor array to metabolic products of the microorganism. An exemplary method includes culturing a sample containing microorganisms in a medium and in gaseous communication with a colorimetric sensor array. Sensors in the colorimetric sensor array are exposed to volatile organic compounds produced by the microorganism. The method then includes assessing a resistance of the microorganism to at least one substance. The resistance is assessed based on a response of the sensors in the colorimetric sensor array to the volatile organic compounds produced by the microorganism.
1. A method comprising:
culturing a sample containing a microorganism in a medium and in gaseous communication with a colorimetric sensor array, thereby exposing sensors in the colorimetric sensor array to volatile organic compounds produced by the microorganism;
capturing, by a detector, a rate of color change of the colorimetric sensor array in response to exposing the sensors in the colorimetric sensor array to the volatile organic compounds;
comparing, by a computer, the rate of color change of the colorimetric sensor array captured from the detector to a stored library of color response patterns; and
determining, by the computer, that the microorganism lacks resistance to at least one substance based at least in part on the rate of the color change being below a threshold rate of change in the stored library of color response patterns.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resistance indicates a multi-drug resistance.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resistance is a resistance to a certain antibiotic.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resistance is an efflux pump.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
identifying the microorganism; and
determining a susceptibility of the microorganism to the at least one substance within 64 hours, within 48 hours, within 36 hours, within 24 hours, within 12 hours, within 10 hours, within 8 hours, within 6 hours, or within 4 hours after identifying the microorganism.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resistance is an alternation of a site to which the at least one substance binds.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resistance is an alteration of a metabolic pathway.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resistance is a modification to a cell envelope of the microorganism.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising collecting the microorganism from a substrate before culturing the sample containing the microorganism.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is from a mammal.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising collecting the sample from the mammal, wherein the sample comprises a gas, a solid, a liquid, or a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising identifying a susceptible substance to which the microorganism is susceptible based on the lack of resistance of the microorganism to the at least one substance.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising administering a dose of the susceptible substance to the mammal from which the microorganism was collected, wherein the dose is effective to reduce a population of the microorganism in the mammal.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises blood.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detector is selected from the group comprising a spectrophotometer, a scanner and a camera.
16. A method comprising:
culturing a sample containing a microorganism in a medium and in gaseous communication with a colorimetric sensor array, thereby exposing sensors in the colorimetric sensor array to volatile organic compounds produced by the microorganism;
capturing, by a detector, a rate of color change of the colorimetric sensor array in response to exposing the sensors in the colorimetric sensor array to the volatile organic compounds;
comparing, by a computer, the rate of color change of the colorimetric sensor array captured from the detector to a stored library of color response patterns; and
determining, by the computer, that the microorganism has a resistance to at least one substance based at least in part on the rate of the color change switching directions from a positive rate of change to a negative rate of change.
17. A method comprising:
culturing a sample containing a microorganism in a medium and in gaseous communication with a colorimetric sensor array, thereby exposing sensors in the colorimetric sensor array to volatile organic compounds produced by the microorganism;
capturing, by a detector, a delay in triggering of a color change of the colorimetric sensor array in response to exposing the sensors in the colorimetric sensor array to the volatile organic compounds;
comparing, by a computer, the delay in triggering of the color change of the colorimetric sensor array captured from the detector to a stored library of color response patterns; and
determining, by the computer, that the microorganism has a resistance to at least one substance based at least in part on the delay captured by the detector.