Selective deposit of a functional agent
Certain examples described herein control an amount of a functional agent that is deposited in a three-dimensional printing system. In certain examples, an amount of a functional agent is controlled based on a distance function, wherein the distance function is associated with a distance between a particular portion of an object to be fabricated and a surface of the object. The functional agent may be a binder, a fusing agent or a detailing agent, amongst others.
1. A method of fabricating a three-dimensional object comprising:
receiving object data for the three-dimensional object, the object data comprising a plurality of voxels over a plane defined by x and y directions for each of a plurality of layers of build material along a z direction;
for each layer, determining a nominal amount of functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxels of the layer;
for each layer, determining a functional agent scaling factor according to a distance between the layer and a bottom surface of the three-dimensional object along the z direction;
for each layer, determining an actual amount of the functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxels of the layer, by scaling the nominal amount of the functional agent determined for the layer by the functional agent scaling factor determined for the layer;
for each layer, depositing the layer of build material, and then selectively depositing on the layer, in correspondence with the voxels of the layer, the actual amount of the functional agent that has been determined for the layer; and
solidifying the layers to form the three-dimensional object,
wherein the functional scaling agent factor for a top layer at a top surface of the three-dimensional object is greater than the functional scaling agent factor for a bottom layer at the bottom surface, and for each layer other than the bottom layer, the functional scaling agent factor increases or stays the same as compared to the functional scaling agent factor for an adjacent preceding layer, resulting in reduced splashing effects towards the bottom surface during deposition of the functional agent.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein, for each voxel of each layer, the nominal amount of the functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxel is determined using a heat map.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functional agent scaling factor is a first functional agent scaling factor, and the method further comprises:
for each voxel of each layer, determining a second functional agent scaling factor according to a distance between the voxel and a surface of the three-dimensional object along the plane defined by the x and y directions,
wherein, for each voxel of each layer, the actual amount of the functional agent to be deposited is determined by scaling the nominal amount of the functional agent by the second functional agent scaling factor in addition to the first functional agent scaling factor.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein, for each layer, the second functional agent scaling factor is greater for the voxels closest to the surface of the three-dimensional object along the plane defined by the x and y directions than for the voxels farthest from the surface along the plane, and for each voxel other than the voxels closest to the surface, the second functional agent scaling factor decreases or stays the same as compared to the second functional agent scaling factor for an adjacent voxel closer to the surface.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein, for each layer, the second functional agent scaling factor being greater for the voxels closest to the surface than for the voxels farthest from the surface, and for each voxel other than the voxels closest to the surface, the second functional agent scaling factor decreasing or staying the same as compared to the second functional agent scaling factor for the adjacent voxel closer to the surface, results in reduced fuzzy edge effects at the surface of the three-dimensional object.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein solidifying the layers comprises:
for each layer, after the layer of build material has been deposited and the functional agent has been selectively deposited on the layer, applying energy to the layer to solidify the layer where the functional agent has been deposited,
such that solidification occurs on a layer-by-layer basis.
7. A three-dimensional printing system comprising:
a print head;
an energy source; and
a print controller configured to:
receive object data for the three-dimensional object, the object data comprising a plurality of voxels over a plane defined by x and y directions for each of a plurality of layers of build material along a z direction;
for each layer, determine a nominal amount of functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxels of the layer;
for each layer, determine a functional agent scaling factor according to a distance between the layer and a bottom surface of the three-dimensional object along the z direction;
for each layer, determine an actual amount of the functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxels of the layer, by scaling the nominal amount of the functional agent determined for the layer by the functional agent scaling factor determined for the layer;
for each layer, cause deposition of the layer of build material, and then cause the print head to selectively deposit on the layer and in correspondence with the voxels of the layer, the actual amount of the functional agent that has been determined for the layer; and
cause the energy source to solidify the layers to form the three-dimensional object,
wherein the functional scaling agent factor for a top layer at a top surface of the three-dimensional object is greater than the functional scaling agent factor for a bottom layer at the bottom surface, and for each layer other than the bottom layer, the functional scaling agent factor increases or stays the same as compared to the functional scaling agent factor for an adjacent preceding layer, resulting in reduced splashing effects towards the bottom surface during deposition of the functional agent.
8. The three-dimensional printing system of claim 7 , wherein, for each voxel of each layer, the nominal amount of the functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxel is determined using a heat map.
9. The three-dimensional printing system of claim 7 , wherein the print controller is configured to cause the energy source to solidify the layers by:
for each layer, after the layer of build material has been deposited and the functional agent has been selectively deposited on the layer, causing the energy source to apply energy to the layer to solidify the layer where the functional agent has been deposited,
such that the solidification occurs on a layer-by-layer basis.
10. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising instructions which, when loaded into memory and executed by at least one processor, cause the processor to:
receive object data for a three-dimensional object, the object data comprising a plurality of voxels over a plane defined by x and y directions for each of a plurality of layers of build material along a z direction;
for each layer, determine a nominal amount of functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxels of the layer;
for each layer, determine a functional agent scaling factor according to a distance between the layer and a bottom surface of the three-dimensional object along the z direction;
for each layer, determine an actual amount of the functional agent to be deposited on the layer in correspondence with the voxels of the layer, by scaling the nominal amount of the functional agent determined for the layer by the functional agent scaling factor determined for the layer;
for each layer, cause deposition of the layer of build material, and then cause selective deposition, on the layer and in correspondence with the voxels of the layer, of the actual amount of the functional agent that has been determined for the layer; and
cause solidification of the layers to form the three-dimensional object,
wherein the functional scaling agent factor for a top layer at a top surface of the three-dimensional object is greater than the functional scaling agent factor for a bottom layer at the bottom surface, and for each layer other than the bottom layer, the functional scaling agent factor increases or stays the same as compared to the functional scaling agent factor for an adjacent preceding layer, resulting in reduced splashing effects towards the bottom surface during deposition of the functional agent.
11. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10 , wherein the processor is to cause the solidification of the layers by:
for each layer, after the layer of build material has been deposited and the functional agent has been selectively deposited on the layer, causing energy to be applied to the layer to solidify the layer where the functional agent has been deposited,
such that the solidification occurs on a layer-by-layer basis.