Segmentation-based fuel receptacle localization for air-to-air refueling (A3R)

1. A method of operating an aerial refueling boom, the method comprising: receiving a video frame;

identifying an aircraft to be refueled from within the video frame;

segmenting the video frame to generate an aircraft segmentation mask matching the aircraft within the video frame, wherein the segmenting of the video frame includes linking each pixel in the video frame to one of a plurality of class labels, and wherein the plurality of class labels include an aircraft label, a boom label and a background label;

based on at least the aircraft segmentation mask, determining a position of a fuel receptacle on the aircraft;

determining a position of a boom tip of the aerial refueling boom based on a boom segmentation mask generated from the segmenting of the video frame; and

controlling the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel receptacle based on at least the position of the fuel receptacle and the position of the boom tip.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the video frame is provided by a single camera.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

providing, to the aircraft, maneuvering information to facilitate engaging the fuel receptacle with the aerial refueling boom.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining whether controlling the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel receptacle is out of compliance with safety parameters, using position information of the fuel receptacle or the boom tip; and

based on at least determining that controlling the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel receptacle is to engage the fuel receptacle is out of compliance with safety parameters, generating an alert.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining, within the video frame, aircraft keypoints for the aircraft, wherein determining the position of the fuel receptacle on the aircraft comprises fusing position information of the aircraft keypoints with position information of the aircraft segmentation mask; and

determining, within the video frame, a boom tip keypoint, wherein determining the position of the boom tip comprises fusing position information of the boom tip keypoint with position information of the boom segmentation mask.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

generating an aircraft keypoint heatmap.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

performing temporal filtering of image-derived data of the aircraft.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the position of the fuel receptacle on the aircraft comprises:

fusing proximity sensor measurements of the aircraft with image-derived data of the aircraft.

9. A system for operating an aerial refueling boom, the system comprising: one or more processors; and

a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:

receiving a video frame;

identifying an aircraft to be refueled from within the video frame;

segmenting the video frame to generate an aircraft segmentation mask matching the aircraft within the video frame, wherein the segmenting of the video frame includes linking each pixel in the video frame to one of a plurality of class labels, and wherein the plurality of class labels include an aircraft label, a boom label and a background label;

based on at least the aircraft segmentation mask, determining a position of a fuel receptacle on the aircraft;

determining a position of a boom tip of the aerial refueling boom based on a boom segmentation mask generated from the segmenting of the video frame; and

controlling the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel receptacle based on at least the position of the fuel receptacle and the position of the boom tip.

10. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:

a boom control that controls the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel receptacle.

11. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:

a camera, wherein the video frame is provided by the camera.

12. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:

a proximity sensor, wherein determining the position of the fuel receptacle on the aircraft comprises:

fusing proximity sensor measurements of the aircraft with image-derived data of the aircraft.

13. The system of claim 9 , wherein the video frame is provided by a single camera.

14. The system of claim 9 , wherein the operations further comprise:

providing, to the aircraft, maneuvering information to facilitate engaging the fuel receptacle with the aerial refueling boom.

15. The system of claim 9 , wherein the operations further comprise:

generating an aircraft keypoint heatmap.

16. A computer program product, comprising a computer usable medium having a computer readable program code embodied therein, the computer readable program code adapted to be executed to implement a method of operating an aerial refueling boom, the method comprising:

receiving a video frame;

identifying an aircraft to be refueled from within the video frame;

segmenting the video frame to generate an aircraft segmentation mask matching the aircraft within the video frame, wherein the segmenting of the video frame includes linking each pixel in the video frame to one of a plurality of class labels, and wherein the plurality of class labels include an aircraft label, a boom label and a background label;

based on at least the aircraft segmentation mask, determining a position of a fuel receptacle on the aircraft;

determining a position of a boom tip of the aerial refueling boom based on a boom segmentation mask generated from the segmenting of the video frame; and

controlling the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel receptacle based on at least the position of the fuel receptacle and the position of the boom tip.

17. The computer program product of claim 16 , wherein the video frame is monocular.

18. The computer program product of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises: fusing proximity sensor measurements of the aircraft with image-derived data of the aircraft.

19. The computer program product of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises: determining whether controlling the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel

receptacle is out of compliance with safety parameters, using position information of the fuel receptacle or the boom tip; and

based on at least determining that controlling the aerial refueling boom to engage the fuel receptacle is to engage the fuel receptacle is out of compliance with safety parameters, generating an alert.

20. The computer program product of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises:

determining, within the video frame, aircraft keypoints for the aircraft, wherein determining the position of the fuel receptacle on the aircraft comprises fusing position information of the aircraft keypoints with position information of the aircraft segmentation mask; and

determining, within the video frame, a boom tip keypoint, wherein determining the position of the boom tip comprises fusing position information of the boom tip keypoint with position information of the boom segmentation mask.