Regioselective hydroxylation of isophorone
The present invention relates to novel process for the production of ketoisophorone via biocatalytic conversion of isophorone, in particular a one-pot biocatalytic system for conversion of α-isophorone in a two-step oxidation process, with a first oxidation being catalyzed by a heme containing oxidoreductase such as a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase followed by another oxidation which can be either a chemical reaction or a biocatalytic reaction, in particular wherein the oxidation is catalyzed by an NAD(P) or NADP(H)-dependent oxidoreductase. The invention further provides polypeptides and nucleic acid sequences coding for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase with modified (higher) substrate selectivity, total turnover numbers and/or (re)activity compared to the wild-type enzyme. Ketoisophorone is useful as building block in the synthesis of vitamins and carotenoids.
1. A biocatalytic process for the conversion of α-isophorone into ketoisophorone (KIP) comprising the enzymatic steps of:
(a) converting α-isophorone into 4-hydroxy-α-isophorone (HIP) via catalytic action of a P450 monooxygenase wherein
1 ) at least 80% of α-isophorone is converted into HIP;
2 ) the P450 monooxygenase comprises
i. a first polypeptide having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or
ii. a second polypeptide having at least 62% identity to SEQ ID NO:3, said second polypeptide comprising an F at position 97 according to SEQ ID NO:3 and one or more substitutions at positions 88, 245, and 248 according to SEQ ID NO:3, wherein said one or more substitutions comprise F88W, L245X, and V248X, wherein “X” is any amino acid; and wherein the total turnover number of the second polypeptide is increased by at least 2-fold compared to a reference P450 monooxygenase according to SEQ ID NO: 3; and
(b) converting the HIP from (a) into KIP via catalytic action of an enzyme having alcohol dehydrogenase or carbonyl reductase activity, wherein at least 40% of HIP is converted into KIP.
2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the process is characterized by one or both of
(a) the biocatalytic process for the conversion of α-isophorone to 4-hydroxy-α-isophorone (HIP) is carried out in the presence of a co-substrate selected from the group consisting of glucose, isopropanol and phosphite; and
(b) the biocatalytic process for the conversion of HIP to KIP is carried out in the presence of a co-substrate selected from the group consisting of acetone, chloroacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl levulinate, chloroacetone and ethyl acetoacetate.
3. A process according to claim 1 , which is characterized by one or both of
(a) the enantiomeric excess towards the (R)-configuration of HIP generated via the biocatalytic process is at least 50% based on the total amount of HIP; and
(b) the enantiomeric excess towards the (R)-configuration of KIP generated via the biocatalytic process is at least 50% based on the total amount of KIP.
4. The process according to claim 1 , which is a one-pot process performed under incubation conditions of pH of from 4.0 to 10.0 for 1 to 48 h.
5. A process according to claim 4 which is performed at a temperature of 30° C. to 40° C.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the P450 monooxygenase comprises the second polypeptide.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the second polypeptide comprises the amino acid substitutions of F88W, L245X, and V248X, wherein “X” is any amino acid.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the second polypeptide comprises the amino acid substitutions of (i) F88W, and L245A or (ii) F88W, L245A, and V248L.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein (a) further comprises isolating HIP from the reaction mixture.
10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme having alcohol dehydrogenase or carbonyl reductase activity catalysing the conversion of HIP into KIP is selected from an alcohol dehydrogenase from Candida magnoliae or a carbonyl reductase from Sporobolomyces salmonicolor.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein (b) further comprises isolating KIP from the reaction mixture.
12. A process for the production of vitamin E, comprising the step of biocatalytic conversion of α-isophorone into KIP according to claim 1 .