Submerged periodic riblets
In one embodiment, a method for reducing drag includes forming a smooth surface on a first portion of a physical object. The method also includes forming periodic riblets on a second portion of the physical object. The second portion of the physical object is adjacent to the first portion of the physical object. Each riblet of the periodic riblets of the second portion of the physical object is depressed below a plane of the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object. The method further includes generating a flow over the periodic riblets of the second portion of the physical object and over the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object. A length of each riblet of the periodic riblets runs parallel to a direction of the flow.
1. A method for reducing drag, comprising:
forming a smooth surface on a first portion of a physical object, wherein:
the first portion of the physical object further comprises a transition surface; and
an angle between the transition surface of the first portion of the physical object and the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object is within a range of 90 degrees to 179 degrees;
forming periodic riblets on a second portion of the physical object, wherein:
the second portion of the physical object is adjacent to the first portion of the physical object;
each riblet of the periodic riblets of the second portion of the physical object is depressed below a plane of the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object; wherein, each riblet of the periodic riblets:
terminates in a first direction at the transition surface of the first portion of the physical object;
has a same length;
is equal in length to the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object and is within a range of 10 to 50 times longer than a maximum height of each respective riblet;
has a maximum height less than 0.002 inches;
has a maximum width less than 0.004 inches; and
runs parallel to a flow direction;
each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets is at a level below the plane of the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object wherein:
a distance between each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets is constant;
each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets forms a 90 degree angle; and
each valley between adjacent riblets of the periodic riblets forms a 90 degree angle;
forming a smooth surface on a third portion of the physical object, wherein:
the third portion of the physical object further comprises a transition surface;
each riblet of the periodic riblets span from the first portion of the physical object to the third portion of the physical object; and
each riblet of the periodic riblets terminates in a second direction opposite the first direction at the transition surface of the third portion of the physical object;
generating a flow over the periodic riblets of the second portion of the physical object and over the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object, wherein a length of each riblet of the periodic riblets runs parallel to a direction of the flow.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the physical object is associated with one of the following:
an aircraft;
a marine vessel;
a vehicle;
a pipeline;
a wind turbine; and
a projectile.
3. A physical object, comprising:
a first portion comprising a smooth surface, wherein;
the first portion of the physical object further comprises a transition surface; and
an angle between the transition surface of the first portion of the physical object and the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object is within a range of 90 degrees to 179 degrees;
a second portion comprising periodic riblets, wherein:
the second portion of the physical object is adjacent to the first portion of the physical object;
each riblet of the periodic riblets of the second portion of the physical object is depressed below a plane of the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object wherein, each riblet of the periodic riblets;
terminates in a first direction at the transition surface of the first portion of the physical object;
has the same length;
is equal in length to the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object and is within a range of 10 to 50 times longer than a maximum height of each respective riblet;
has a maximum height less than 0.002 inches;
has a maximum width less than 0.004 inches; and
runs parallel to a flow direction;
each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets is at a level below the plane of the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object, wherein:
a distance between each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets is constant;
each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets forms a 90 degree angle; and
each valley between adjacent riblets of the periodic riblets forms a 90 degree angle;
a third portion comprising a smooth surface, wherein:
the third portion of the physical object further comprises a transition surface;
each riblet of the periodic riblets span from the first portion of the physical object to the third portion of the physical object; and
each riblet of the periodic riblets terminates in a second direction opposite the first direction at the transition surface of the third portion of the physical object.
4. The physical object of claim 3 , wherein the physical object is associated with one of the following:
an aircraft;
a marine vessel;
a vehicle;
a pipeline;
a wind turbine; and
a projectile.
5. A method of manufacturing a physical object, comprising:
forming a smooth surface on a first portion of a physical object, wherein:
the first portion of the physical object further comprises a transition surface; and
an angle between the transition surface of the first portion of the physical object and the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object is within a range of 90 degrees to 179 degrees;
forming periodic riblets on a second portion of the physical object, wherein:
the second portion of the physical object is adjacent to the first portion of the physical object;
each riblet of the periodic riblets of the second portion of the physical object is depressed below a plane of the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object, wherein, each riblet of the periodic riblets:
terminates in a first direction at the transition surface of the first portion of the physical object;
has the same length;
is equal in length to the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object and is within a range of 10 to 50 times longer than a maximum height of each respective riblet;
has a maximum height less than 0.002 inches;
has a maximum width less than 0.004 inches; and
runs parallel to a flow direction;
each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets is at a level below the plane of the smooth surface of the first portion of the physical object, wherein:
a distance between each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets is constant;
each peak of each riblet of the periodic riblets forms a 90 degree angle; and
each valley between adjacent riblets of the periodic riblets forms a 90 degree angle;
forming a smooth surface on a third portion of a physical object, wherein:
the third portion of the physical object further comprises a transition surface;
each riblet of the periodic riblets span from the first portion of the physical object to the third portion of the physical object; and
each riblet of the periodic riblets terminates in a second direction opposite the first direction at the transition surface of the third portion of the physical object.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the physical object is associated with one of the following:
an aircraft;
a marine vessel;
a vehicle;
a pipeline;
a wind turbine; and
a projectile.