Anodes, cathodes, and separators for batteries and methods to make and use same
Anodes, cathodes, and separators for batteries (electrochemical energy storage devices). The anodes are Li metal anodes having lithiated carbon films (Li-MWCNT) (as dendrite suppressors and protective coatings for the Li metal anodes). The cathodes are sulfurized carbon cathodes. The separators are GNR-coated (or modified) separators. The invention includes each of these separately (as well as in combination both with each other and with other anodes, cathodes, and separators) and the methods of making each of these separately (and in combination). The invention further includes a battery that uses at least one of (a) the anode having a lithiated carbon film, (b) the sulfurized carbon cathode, and (c) the GNR-modified separator in the anode/cathode/separator arrangement. For instance, a full battery can include the sulfurized carbon cathode in combination with the Li-MWCNT anode or a full battery can include the sulfurized carbon cathode in combination with other anodes (such as a GCNT-Li anode).
1. A sulfurized carbon cathode comprising:
(a) sulfur;
(b) carbon, wherein the carbon is part of a seamless hybrid of carbon nanotubes grown from a graphene layer; and
(c) a thermally treated polymer, wherein
(i) the cathode lacks elemental sulfur, and
(ii) all of the sulfur in the sulfurized carbon cathode is directly or indirectly covalently bound to the carbon.
2. The sulfurized carbon cathode of claim 1 , wherein the thermally treated polymer comprises thermally treated polyacrylonitrile.
3. The sulfurized carbon cathode of claim 1 , wherein
(a) the cathode comprises a carbon additive that is a conductive filler, and
(b) the conductive filler is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphene nanoribbons, and combinations thereof.
4. The sulfurized carbon cathode of claim 1 , wherein
(a) the majority of the sulfur in the sulfurized carbon cathode is small sulfur chains directly covalently bound to sp 2 carbon lattices of the carbon, and
(b) the small sulfur chains comprise no more than three sulfur atoms.