Compositions and uses thereof
A silicon-carbon particulate composite suitable for use as active material in a negative electrode of a Li-ion battery, a precursor composition comprising the silicon-carbon particulate composite, a negative electrode comprising the silicon-carbon particulate composite and/or precursor composition, a Li-ion battery comprising the negative electrodes, a method of manufacturing the silicon-carbon particulate composite, precursor composition, negative electrode and Li-ion battery, the use of the silicon-carbon particulate composite in a negative electrode of a Li-ion battery to inhibit or prevent silicon pulverization during cycling, for example, during 1st cycle Li intercalation or de-intercalation and/or to maintain electrochemical capacity after 100 cycles, and a device, energy storage cell, or energy storage and conversion system comprising the silicon-carbon particulate composite and/or precursor composition.
1. A method of making a silicon-carbon particulate composite, comprising co-milling silicon and carbonaceous starting materials under wet conditions to produce a silicon-carbon particulate composite having a nanostructure which inhibits or prevents silicon pulverization when used as active material in a negative electrode of a Li-ion battery and/or which maintains electrochemical capacity of a negative electrode;
wherein the carbonaceous starting material is selected from a natural graphite, a synthetic graphite, or a mixture of natural and synthetic graphite; wherein the natural or synthetic graphite is exfoliated graphite or expanded graphite.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon starting material is a micronized silicon particulate having a particle size of from about 1 μm to about 100 μm.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method comprises one or more of the following:
wet-milling in the presence of a solvent selected from an aqueous solvent, an organic solvent, or mixtures thereof,
wet-milling in a rotor-stator mill, a colloidal mill or a media mill,
wet-milling under conditions of high shear and/or high power density,
wet-milling in the presence of relatively hard and dense milling media, and drying.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the solvent is an aqueous alcohol-containing mixture.
5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the solvent is an organic solvent.
6. The method according to claim 3 , wherein co-milling is conducted in the presence of a milling media having a density of at least 3.0 g/cm 3 .
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the milling media has a particle size of less than about 10 mm.
8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the milling media is yttria-stabilized zirconia.
9. The method according to claim 3 , wherein co-milling is conducted in a bead mill.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the power density during co-milling is at least about 2.5 kW/l.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon-carbon particulate composite is characterized by having one or more of:
(i) a BET SSA of equal to or lower than about 400 m 2 g;
(ii) an average particle size of from about 50-2000 Å;
(iii) a microporosity of at least about 5%;
(iv) a BJH average pore width of less than about 250 Å; and
(v) a BJH volume of pores of at least about 0.50 cm 3 /g.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon-carbon particulate composite is further characterized by having one or more of:
(i) a microporosity of from about 5% to about 15%;
(ii) a BJH average pore width of from about 100 Å to about 180 Å;
(iii) a BJH volume of pores of at least about 0.10 cm 3 /g;
(iv) a BET specific surface area (SSA) of from about 10 m 2 /g to about 100 m 2 /g; and
(v) an average particle size of from about 250 Å to about 1000 Å.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous particulate starting material is initially milled in the absence of silicon particulate starting material, and then combined with silicon particulate starting material and co-milled for a further period.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silicon particulate starting material is initially milled in the absence of carbonaceous particulate starting material, and then combined with carbonaceous particulate starting material and co-milled for a further period.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous particulate starting material is added gradually or in batches during the co-milling process.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silicon particulate starting material is added gradually or in batches during the co-milling process.