Apparatuses and processes for forming a semi-solid electrode having high active solids loading and electrochemical cells including the same
Embodiments described herein relate generally to apparatuses and processes for forming semi-solid electrodes having high active solids loading by removing excess electrolyte. In some embodiments, the semi-solid electrode material can be formed by mixing an active material and, optionally, a conductive material in a liquid electrolyte to form a suspension. In some embodiments, the semi-solid electrode material can be disposed onto a current collector to form an intermediate electrode. In some embodiments, the semi-solid electrode material can have a first composition in which the ratio of electrolyte to active material is between about 10:1 and about 1:1. In some embodiments, a method for converting the semi-solid electrode material from the first composition into the second composition includes removing a portion of the electrolyte from the semi-solid electrode material. In some embodiments, the method includes mechanically compressing the intermediate electrode to remove the portion of electrolyte from the semi-solid electrode material.
1. A method of forming a densified semi-solid electrode, the method comprising:
mixing an active material and a conductive material with a liquid electrolyte to form a semi-solid electrode material;
disposing the semi-solid electrode material onto a current collector; and
compressing the semi-solid electrode material to extract a portion of the liquid electrolyte and form the densified semi-solid electrode,
wherein the densified semi-solid electrode includes between about 60% and about 85% by volume of an active material.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
disposing an electrolyte absorbing material onto an exposed surface of the semi-solid electrode material.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the semi-solid electrode material is compressed between the current collector and the electrolyte absorbing material to extract the portion of the liquid electrolyte.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the semi-solid electrode material is compressed between the current collector and a semi-permeable membrane to extract the portion of the liquid electrolyte.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the semi-permeable membrane is configured to absorb the portion of the liquid electrolyte extracted during compressing.
6. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:
disposing an absorptive material onto an exposed surface of the semi-permeable membrane, the absorptive material configured to absorb the portion of the liquid electrolyte extracted during compressing.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein compressing the semi-solid electrode material includes compressing the semi-solid material between a die and a base.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the densified semi-solid electrode material includes greater than about 70 wt % of the active material.
9. A method, comprising:
mixing an active material and a conductive material with a liquid electrolyte to form a semi-solid electrode material having a first volume;
interposing the semi-solid electrode material between a current collector and an absorptive material; and
applying a compressive force to the semi-solid electrode material via a roller such that the semi-solid electrode material has a second volume less than the first volume.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the absorptive material is conveyed by one or more rollers.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein a flat portion of the absorptive material is in contact with the semi-solid electrode material.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second volume is between about 50% and about 95% of the first volume.
13. A method, comprising:
mixing an active material and a conductive material with a liquid electrolyte to form a semi-solid electrode material;
disposing the semi-solid electrode material on a current collector such that the semi-solid electrode material has a first thickness and a first volume, the first thickness being a dimension of the semi-solid electrode material in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the current collector; and
applying a compressive force to the semi-solid electrode material via a roller such that the semi-solid electrode material has a second thickness less than the first thickness and a second volume less than the first volume.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
interposing the semi-solid electrode material between a current collector and an absorptive material prior to applying the compression force.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first thickness is between about 100 μm and about 2,000 μm.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the second thickness is between about 5 μm and about 50 μm.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein compressing is accomplished by mechanically compressing the semi-solid electrode material between a base and a die of a mechanical press.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the semi-solid electrode material includes between about 60% and about 85% by volume of the active material after applying the compressive force.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the semi-solid electrode has a first density prior to applying the compressive force and a second density after applying the compressive force, the first density less than about 2 g/cm 3 and the second density is between about 2.1 g/cm 3 and about 4 g/cm 3 .
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein an energy density of the semi-solid electrode material after applying the compressive force is greater than about 7 mAh/g.