Methods and apparatuses for reducing passive intermodulation distortion in transmission lines
Methods and apparatuses for reducing passive intermodulation distortion arising from a joint attaching conductors by forming the joint with a single metal or covering the joint with a single layer of metal having a thickness greater than a skin depth of the frequency of signals propagating through the joint.
1. A method for joining a first conductor of a first transmission line to a second conductor of a second transmission line, the method comprising:
attaching the first conductor to the second conductor with a joint formed by at least one other conductor, wherein the at least one other conductor comprises at least one of more than one metal, an adhesive, and a mechanical fastener; and
covering at least the joint with a layer of one type of metal having a thickness equal to or greater than a skin depth in the layer, wherein the skin depth is a function of (a) material characteristics of the layer and (b) a carrier frequency of a signal configured to propagate in the layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one type of metal is silver.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein attaching comprises at least one of soldering, brazing, and welding.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein covering comprises at least one of electro-plating and sputtering.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are each a center conductor of a coaxial transmission line.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising, inserting the first conductor and the second conductor into at least one conductive portion that forms at least part of an outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising inserting at least one solid insulator between the at least one conductive portion and at least one of the first conductor and the second conductor.
8. The method of claim 7 , attaching at least one other conductive portion to the at least one conductive portion to form the outer conductor.
9. A transmission line system, comprising:
a transmission line trunk line connected to at least one phasing line; and
wherein a conductor of each phasing line is connected to another conductor of the transmission line trunk line by a joint formed by at least one other conductor, wherein the at least one other conductor comprises at least one of more than one metal, an adhesive, and a mechanical fastener;
wherein at least the joint is covered with a layer of one type of metal having a thickness equal to or greater than a skin depth in the layer, wherein the skin depth is a function of (a) material characteristics of the layer and (b) a carrier frequency of a signal configured to propagate in the layer.
10. The transmission line system of claim 9 , wherein the one type of metal is silver.
11. The transmission line system of claim 9 , wherein the transmission line trunk line is configured to be coupled to at least one antenna;
wherein each phasing line is configured to be coupled to a filter unit.
12. The transmission line system of claim 9 , wherein the joint comprises of one of a solder joint, a braze joint, a welded joint, an adhesive joint, and a mechanical fastener joint.
13. The transmission line system of claim 9 , wherein the conductor of each phasing line and the conductor the transmission line trunk line are each center conductors of a coaxial transmission line.
14. The transmission line system of claim 13 , further comprising at least one conductive portion that forms an outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line.
15. The transmission line system of claim 14 , further comprising at least one solid insulator inserted between the at least one conductive portion and at least one of the conductor of each phasing line and the conductor of the transmission line trunk line.
16. The transmission line system of claim 14 , further comprising at least one other conductive portion that is attached to the at least one conductive portion to form the outer conductor.
17. A remote antenna unit, comprising:
a first primary uplink signal path;
a first primary downlink signal path;
a Nth primary uplink signal path, where N is an integer greater or equal to two;
a Nth primary downlink signal path;
a first duplexer coupled to the first primary uplink signal path and the first primary downlink signal path;
a Nth duplexer coupled to the Nth primary uplink signal path and the Nth primary downlink signal path;
wherein the first duplexer and the Nth duplexer are configured to be coupled to a transmission line system; and
wherein the transmission line system comprises:
a transmission line trunk line connected to a first phasing line and an Nth phasing line;
wherein a conductor of each phasing line is connected to a conductor of the transmission line trunk line by a joint formed by at least one other conductor, wherein the at least one other conductor comprises at least one of more than one metal, an adhesive, and a mechanical fastener; and
wherein at least the joint is covered with a layer of one type of metal having a thickness equal to or greater than a skin depth in the layer, wherein the skin depth is a function of (a) material characteristics of the layer and (b) a carrier frequency of a signal configured to propagate in the layer;
wherein the transmission line system is configured to be coupled an antenna to the first duplexer and the Nth duplexer.
18. The remote antenna unit of claim 17 , wherein the one type of metal is silver.
19. The remote antenna unit of claim 17 , wherein the transmission line trunk line is configured to be coupled to the antenna;
wherein each phasing line is configured to be coupled to a unique duplexer.
20. The remote antenna unit of claim 17 , wherein the joint comprises of one of solder joint, braze joint, and welded joint.
21. The remote antenna unit of claim 17 , wherein the conductor of each phasing line and the conductor the transmission line trunk line are each center conductors of a coaxial transmission line.
22. The remote antenna unit of claim 21 , further comprising at least one conductive portion that forms an outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line.
23. The remote antenna unit of claim 22 , further comprising a least one solid insulator inserted between the at least one conductive portion and at least one of the conductor of each phasing line and the conductor of the transmission line trunk line.
24. The remote antenna unit of claim 17 , further comprising the transmission line system.
25. The remote antenna unit of claim 24 , further comprising the antenna.