Internal combustion engine and ignition system with a pre-chamber
An ignition system for a vehicle internal combustion engine ( 12 ) has a capsule defining a pre-chamber ( 136 ), an ignition fuel supply system ( 500 ) configured to inject an ignition fuel to the pre-chamber to create an ignition fuel-air mix in the pre-chamber, an ignition surface ( 137 ) within the pre-chamber, the ignition surface being defined by an interior surface of the capsule and configured to be contacted by the ignition fuel in the pre-chamber to thereby ignite the ignition fuel by hot surface ignition, and at least one jet nozzle ( 152 ). The ignition fuel is characterised by having a carbon content by mass less than 65%, a hot surface ignition temperature less than 500 deg C., and a volumetric energy density (LHV) greater than 18 MJ/L. The at least one jet nozzle is configured such that ignition of the ignition fuel by contact with the ignition surface causes at least one of hot gases, partially combusted fuel and flames to leave the pre-chamber through the at least one jet nozzle.
1. A vehicle internal combustion engine comprising:
at least one cylinder defining a combustion chamber;
a piston disposed for movement within at least one cylinder to define a swept volume of at least one cylinder being less than or equal to 3.0 litres;
a primary fuel supply system configured to supply a primary fuel to the combustion chamber to create a primary fuel-air mix in the combustion chamber; and
an ignition system comprising:
a capsule defining a pre-chamber having a volume less than the swept volume of the at least one cylinder and less than 5% of a compressed volume of the at least one cylinder;
an ignition fuel supply system comprising an ignition fuel tank which is separate to the primary fuel tank and contains an ignition fuel which differs from the primary fuel, the ignition fuel supply system being configured to inject the ignition fuel the pre-chamber to create an ignition fuel-air mix in the pre-chamber;
an ignition surface within the pre-chamber, the ignition surface being defined by an interior surface of the capsule and configured to be contacted by the ignition fuel in the pre-chamber to thereby ignite the ignition fuel by hot surface ignition such that ignition timing is determined by ignition fuel injection alone; and
at least one jet nozzle in fluid communication with the combustion chamber of the cylinder;
wherein the ignition fuel is characterised by all of the following characteristics:
a liquid at ambient temperature and pressure;
a carbon content by mass less than 65%;
a hot surface ignition temperature less than 500 deg C; and,
a volumetric energy density (LHV) greater than 18 MJ/L,
wherein the ignition fuel supply system is configured to inject the ignition fuel into the pre-chamber in a quantity of less than 5% equivalent energy content of the primary fuel introduced into the combustion chamber;
wherein the at least one jet nozzle is configured such that ignition of the ignition fuel by contact with the ignition surface causes at least one of hot gases, partially combusted fuel and flames to leave the pre-chamber and enter the combustion chamber through the at least one jet nozzle to thereby ignite the primary fuel.
2. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the ignition fuel is an ether.
3. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 2 , wherein the ignition fuel is diethyl ether.
4. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the ignition fuel supply system is configured to inject the ignition fuel into the pre-chamber at a pressure less than 200 bar.
5. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the capsule is at least partially constructed from a material having one or more of the following characteristics:
(a) a heat conductivity of below 10 W/mK;
(b) a maximum service temperature of at least 750 degrees Celsius; and
(c) a flexural strength of at least 500 MPa.
6. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the capsule is at least partially constructed from a ceramic material.
7. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 6 , wherein the ceramic material defines the ignition surface.
8. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the capsule is a ceramic capsule.
9. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the capsule is a superalloy capsule.
10. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the ignition system comprises a heater configured to heat the ignition surface upon cold start or cold operation.
11. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one cylinder defines a primary axis and the pre-chamber is intersected by the primary axis.
12. The vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 1 , wherein the pre-chamber is positioned proximate the perimeter of the at least one cylinder.
13. A vehicle internal combustion engine according to claim 12 , wherein the at least one jet nozzle is directed towards the primary axis.
14. A vehicle having a vehicle internal combustion engine comprising:
at least one cylinder defining a combustion chamber;
a piston disposed for movement within at least one cylinder to define a swept volume of at least one cylinder being less than or equal to 3.0 litres;
a primary fuel supply system comprising a primary fuel tank configured to supply a primary fuel from the primary fuel tank to the combustion chamber to create a primary fuel-air mix in the combustion chamber; and
an ignition system comprising:
a capsule defining a pre-chamber having a volume less than the swept volume of the at least one cylinder and less than 5% of a compressed volume of the at least one cylinder;
an ignition fuel supply system comprising an ignition fuel tank which is separate to the primary fuel tank and contains an ignition fuel which differs from the primary fuel, the ignition fuel supply system being configured to inject the ignition fuel to the pre-chamber to create an ignition fuel-air mix in the pre-chamber;
an ignition surface within the pre-chamber, the ignition surface being defined by an interior surface of the capsule and configured to be contacted by the ignition fuel in the pre-chamber to thereby ignite the ignition fuel by hot surface ignition such that ignition timing is determined by ignition fuel injection alone; and
at least one jet nozzle in fluid communication with the combustion chamber of the cylinder;
wherein the ignition fuel is characterised by all of the following characteristics:
a liquid at ambient temperature and pressure;
a carbon content by mass less than 65%;
a hot surface ignition temperature less than 500 deg C; and
a volumetric energy density (LHV) greater than 18 MJ/L;
wherein the ignition fuel supply system is configured to inject the ignition fuel into the pre-chamber in a quantity of less than 5% equivalent energy content of the primary fuel introduced into the combustion chamber,
wherein the at least one jet nozzle is configured such that ignition of the ignition fuel by contact with the ignition surface causes at least one of hot gases, partially combusted fuel and flames to leave the pre-chamber and enter the combustion chamber through the at least one jet nozzle to thereby ignite the primary fuel.
15. The vehicle according to claim 14 , wherein the ignition fuel tank is of variable volume and is configured to prevent contact between the ignition fuel in the ignition fuel tank and air.
16. The vehicle according to claim 15 , wherein the ignition fuel tank comprises a tank shell and an airtight flexible bladder within the tank shell which is configured to be filled with the ignition fuel.
17. The vehicle according to claim 15 , wherein the ignition fuel tank comprises a tank pressure control system configured to maintain the ignition fuel at a predetermined ignition fuel storage pressure which is greater than 1 bar by controlling an air pressure within the tank shell.