Marker materials and forms for magnetic marker localization (MML)
A magnetic marker for marking a site in tissue in the body. In one embodiment, the marker comprises a magnetic metallic glass. In another embodiment, the marker is in a non-spherical configuration having an anisotropy ratio less than 9. In yet another embodiment, the marker is in a non-spherical configuration having an anisotropy ratio less than 6. In yet another embodiment, the marker is in a non-spherical configuration having an anisotropy ratio less than 3.
1. A deployable magnetic marker for marking a site in tissue, the deployable magnetic marker comprising:
a multi-stranded cable having a ratio of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of less than 9 when deployed; the magnetic marker being formed of a solid, magnetically soft material having a magnetic coercivity of less than or equal to 79.6 kAm-1 (1000 Oe) and a magnetic mass susceptibility of at least 0.05 m3 kg-1.
2. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the multi-stranded cable comprises 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more strands of wire.
3. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the multi-stranded cable is twisted.
4. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the strands are hollow or include void areas between the wire strands.
5. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the marker has a diameter of 0.8-1.8 mm prior to deployment.
6. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic marker has a ratio of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of less than 5 when deployed.
7. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 6 , wherein the magnetic marker has a ratio of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of less than 3 when deployed.
8. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic material has a magnetic coercivity of less than 7.96 kAm −1 (100 Oe).
9. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic material has a magnetic coercivity of less than 3.98 kAm −1 (50 Oe).
10. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the magnetically soft material is a paramagnetic, ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material.
11. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the magnetically soft material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys, electrical iron, silicon-irons, iron-phosphorous, nickel-iron, Heusler alloys, Femico alloys, iron-nickel-cobalt based alloys, Cunife alloys, copper-nickel-iron based alloys, Alcomax alloys, iron-nickel-aluminium-cobalt-copper based alloys, stainless steels from the 300 series, 400 series and stainless steel alloys, chrome-iron alloys, martensitic stainless steels, ferrites, MnZn-ferrites, NiZn-ferrites, MgZn-ferrites, Ba-ferrites, MnMgZn-ferrites, MgZnCu-ferrites; amorphous metal or bulk metallic glass, magnetic carbon allotropes, -fullerenes, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, carbon nanofoams, and nano-porous carbon.
12. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 1 , wherein the magnetically soft material is coated with or contained within a biocompatible material.
13. The deployable magnetic marker of claim 12 , wherein the biocompatible material is selected from bioglass, diamond-like-carbon (DLC), gold, hydroxyapatite, iron, magnesium, nitinol, parylene, phosphorylcholine (PC) polymer, poly-butyl methacrylate (PMBA) and polyethylenevinyl acetate (PEVA), polyethylene, PET, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), PEB AX, PEEK, PEKK, platinum, silicone and titanium.