Thickness-limited electrospray deposition

1. A self-limiting electrospray composition comprising a non-charge-dissipative component and a charge-dissipative component, wherein the non-charge-dissipative component is non-volatile under electrospray deposition conditions, and wherein the charge-dissipative component is non-volatile under electrospray deposition conditions.

2. The self-limiting electrospray composition according to claim 1 , wherein the non-charge-dissipative component is selected from the group consisting of a non-charge-dissipative polymer, a non-charge-dissipative organosilicon compound, a non-charge-dissipative polysaccharide, a non-charge-dissipative polypeptide, a non-charge-dissipative collagen derivative, a non-charge-dissipative cellulose derivative, a non-charge-dissipative compound containing an epoxide functional group, a non-charge-dissipative urethane, and combinations thereof.

3. The self-limiting electrospray composition according to claim 1 , wherein the charge-dissipative component is selected from the group consisting of a charge-dissipative polymer, a charge-dissipative curing agent or photoinitiator, a charge-dissipative organic compound, a charge-dissipative ionic compound, a charge-dissipative chalcogenide glass, a charge-dissipative oil, a charge-dissipative saccharide, a charge-dissipative surfactant, a charge-dissipative polymer, a charge-dissipative protein, a nucleic acid, and combinations thereof.

4. A three-dimensional structure conformally-coated with a thin film, wherein the thin film comprises a self-limiting electrospray composition, and wherein the thin film conformally coats the three-dimensional structure such that a thickness of the thin film varies by less than 75% across a surface of the three-dimensional structure.

5. The three-dimensional structure according to claim 4 , wherein the thin film has a thickness of less than 1 mm.

6. The three-dimensional structure according to claim 4 , wherein the self-limiting electrospray composition comprises a non-charge-dissipative component and a charge-dissipative component.

7. The three-dimensional structure according to claim 6 , wherein the non-charge-dissipative component is a non-conductive polymer in the form of a plurality of spheroidal particles comprising the non-conductive polymer, wherein each of the plurality of spheroidal particles has at least one dimension less than 100 micrometers.

8. The three-dimensional structure according to claim 4 , wherein the self-limiting electrospray composition comprises a plurality of charge-dissipative components and excludes a non-charge-dissipative component, and wherein each one of the charge-dissipative components is not capable of forming a layer of self-limiting thickness when electrosprayed without a component selected from the group consisting of at least one other member of the plurality of charge-dissipative components, a non-charge-dissipative component, and combinations thereof.

9. A method for determining a conductivity of a material, the method comprising exposing a material to a spray in the presence of an electric field, wherein the spray comprises a self-limiting electrospray composition; allowing the spray to accumulate on a surface of the material to form the layer of self-limiting thickness, wherein the self-limiting thickness is sufficient to allow the layer to hinder further accumulation of the spray on the material; measuring the self-limiting thickness of the layer; and determining the conductivity of the material by comparing the self-limiting thickness to a thickness achieved by exposing a test material having a known conductivity to the spray in the presence of the electric field.

10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the self-limiting electrospray composition comprises a thermo-responsive polymer solution.

11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the self-limiting electrospray composition comprises a plurality of charge-dissipative components and excludes a non-charge-dissipative component, wherein each one of the charge-dissipative components is not capable of forming a layer of self-limiting thickness when electrosprayed without a component selected from the group consisting of at least one other member of the plurality of charge-dissipative components, a non-charge-dissipative component, and combinations thereof.

12. A method for repairing a flaw in a layer on a surface of an object, the method comprising applying a charge to the layer; exposing the flaw to a spray in the presence of an electric field, wherein the spray comprises a self-limiting electrospray composition; and allowing the spray to accumulate on the flaw to form a repair layer having a self-limiting thickness, wherein the self-limiting thickness is sufficient to hinder further accumulation of the spray on the repair layer.

13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the self-limiting electrospray composition comprises a charge-dissipative component and a non-charge-dissipative component.

14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the self-limiting electrospray composition comprises a thermo-responsive polymer solution.

15. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the self-limiting electrospray composition comprises a plurality of charge-dissipative components and excludes a non-charge-dissipative component, wherein each one of the charge-dissipative components is not capable of forming a layer of self-limiting thickness when electrosprayed without a component selected from the group consisting of at least one other member of the plurality of charge-dissipative components, a non-charge-dissipative component, and combinations thereof.

16. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the layer on the surface of the object is not conductive, and wherein the step of applying a charge to the layer comprises applying a solids-free spray to the layer.

17. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the layer on the surface of the object is conductive, and wherein the step of applying a charge to the layer comprises contacting the layer with a voltage source.